Chapter
Clinical phenomenology of syncope
Precipitants and precedents
Interaction between syncopal and epileptic mechanisms
Neurally mediated or neurocardiogenic, vasovagal syncope
Hypoadrenergic orthostatic hypotension
Postural tachycardia syndrome
Structural heart diseases with reduced cardiac output
Syncope in neurological disorders
Syncope in psychiatric disorders
Syncope of unknown etiology
Specific examination techniques
Further diagnostic approach to syncope of unknown etiology
Measurements of blood pressure and heart rate
Carotid sinus pressure test
Cardiologic diagnostic procedures
Falls, drop attacks and cataplexy
Transient ischemic attacks
Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures
Extrapyramidal movement disorders
Normal-pressure hydrocephalus
Epileptic seizures and epilepsies
Seizures that may result in falls
Generalized tonic-clonic seizures
Primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures
Secondary generalized tonic-clonic seizures
Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy
Lateral temporal lobe epilepsy
Parietal or occipital lobe epilepsy
Seizures defined by falls: epileptic drop attacks
Generalized tonic seizures
Atonic and myoclonic astatic seizures
Falls as a side-effect of anti-epileptic medication
Treatment of epileptic drop attacks
Resective epilepsy surgery
Palliative epilepsy surgery
Therapy of a migraine attack
5-HT 1B/1D-agonists (triptans)
Antiemetics and simple analgesics
Preventive treatment of migraine
Substances for preventive migraine therapy
Non-medical migraine prophylaxis
Definition and epidemiology
Chronic paroxysmal hemicrania
Other paroxysmal headaches
Definition, epidemiology and clinical symptoms
6 Paroxysmal vertigo attacks
Peripheral vestibular vertigo syndromes
Benign paroxysmal positioning vertigo (BPPV)
Physical liberatory maneuvers
BPPV of the horizontal canal
Treatment of vestibular drop attacks
Definition and epidemiology
Neurovascular cross-compression of the VIIIth cranial nerve
Definition and epidemiology
Central vestibular forms of vertigo
Definition and epidemiology
Central vestibular syndromes in the three planes of action of the vestibulo-ocular reflex
7 Paroxysmal visual disturbances
Vision in the blind field
Visual perseveration and epilepsy
Photopsias in the hemianopic field
Complex hallucinations and epilepsy
Peduncular hallucinations
Complex hallucinations in the hemianopic field
Hypnagogic and respectively hypnopompic hallucinations
Localized paroxysmal paresis
Hemiparesis or hemiplegia
Cortical and subcortical lesions
Lesions in the internal capsule
Treatment of the risk factors
Thrombocytic aggregation inhibitors
Vascular malformations and space-occupying lesions
Sinus- and cerebral-vein thrombosis
Alternating hemiplegia of childhood
Paraparesis or paraplegia
Spinal space-occupying lesion
Tetraparesis or tetraplegia
Differential diagnosis of paroxysmal tetraparesis
Topodiagnosis and differential diagnosis of paroxysmal monoparesis
Peripheral facial nerve palsy
Subclavian steal syndrome
Compression syndromes in anatomical narrowings
Latent compartment syndrome
Neuralgic amyotrophy (brachial neuropathy)
Acute nerve root compression
Generalized paroxysmal motor weakness (paresis)
Muscular weakness due to toxic influence on the motoric endplate
Cataplexy and sleep paresis
Diseases of the sodium channel
Hyperkalemic episodic paresis
Diseases of the calcium channels
Hypokalemic episodic paresis
Therapy and course of disease
Normokalemic periodic paresis
Muscular weakness due to electrolyte disturbance
Glycogenose type V (muscle phosphorylase deficiency, McArdles disease)
Glycogenose type VII (phosphofructokinase-deficiency, Tarui disease)
Thyrotoxic episodic weakness (paresis)
Toxic and drug-induced myopathies
Malignant neuroleptic syndrome
Generalized weakness of non-organic origin
Paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia (PKD; DYT10)
Paroxysmal non-kinesigenic dyskinesia (PNKD; DYT8)
Paroxysmal exercise-induced dyskinesia (PED)
Paroxysmal hypnogenic dyskinesia (PHD)
Idiopathic paroxysmal dyskinesias
Secondary paroxysmal dyskinesias
Animal models of paroxysmal dyskinesias
Assessment and laboratory work-up in general practice
Differential diagnosis of paroxysmal dyskinesias
Paroxysmal dyskinesia, epilepsy and ion channels
Further differential diagnoses of paroxysmal movement disorders
10 Cramps, spasms, startles and related symptoms
Epidemiology and general manifestations
Epidemiology and general manifestation
Epidemiology and general manifestation
Diagnosis, differential diagnosis and classification
Physiological myoclonus in healthy individuals
Evaluation and clinical neurophysiology
12 Paroxysmal memory loss
Definition and clinical presentation
Specific examination techniques
Anterograde memory for verbal material
Anterograde memory for nonverbal material
Etiology and pathomechanisms of TGA
Vascular ischemic hypothesis
Vascular venous hypothesis
Benzodiazepine hypothesis
Definition and classification
Symptomatology of dissociative seizures
Supportive diagnostic procedures
Post-hoc diagnostic tools
EEG, imaging and neuropsychological findings
Pseudo status epilepticus
Psychogenic non epileptic seizures with onset during childhood
Epilepsy in a patient with borderline personality disorder
Definition and clinical description
Generalized anxiety disorder
Epidemiology of anxiety disorders
Diagnosis, differential diagnosis and co-morbidity of panic-type fear
Neurological and psychiatric differential diagnosis
Two steps of neurological differential diagnosis
Psychiatric differential diagnosis
Co-morbidity of anxiety and organic neurological disease
Management of anxiety disorders in a neurological setting
Psychiatric therapy and psychotherapy
Vegetative auras and seizures
Diagnosis and differential diagnosis
Episodic ataxia type 1 (EA1)
Episodic ataxia type 2 (EA2)
Diagnosis and differential diagnosis
Episodic ataxia type 3 (EA3)
Episodic ataxia type 4 (EA4)
Episodic ataxia type 5 (EA5)
Episodic ataxia type 6 (EA6)
Episodic ataxia associated with ATPase6 gene mutation
Sporadic late-onset paroxysmal cerebellar ataxia
The Paroxysmal Disorders
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