Chapter
CONTRAST WITH OTHER THEORIES
Deliberate practice theory
IMPLICATIONS FOR EDUCATION
Domain-Specific Knowledge
2 Intelligence as Adaptive Resource Development and Resource Allocation: A New Look Through the Lenses of SOC and Expertise
ADAPTIVE DEVELOPMENT: THE TRIANGULATION OF SOC, INTELLIGENCE, AND EXPERTISE
MECHANICS AND PRAGMATICS OF INTELLIGENCE AS INDIVIDUAL RESOURCES
COGNITIVE-MOTOR PERFORMANCE: AN EXEMPLAR OF A LIFESPAN CHANGE IN ADAPTIVE RESOURCE ALLOCATION OF INTELLIGENCE
INTELLIGENCE AND PLASTICITY IN ACQUIRING NEW SKILLS
INTERINDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN LEVEL OF EXPERTISE
General and Specific Abilities in Expert Performance
Evidence for SOC-like Mechanisms in Expert Performance
Evidence for Reciprocal Relations Between Expertise and SOC
SOC AND AGE-ASSOCIATED TRANSFORMATIONS IN RESOURCES REVISITED
3 Developing Childhood Proclivities into Adult Competencies
DICKENS AND FLYNN’S MULTIPLIER EFFECTS MODEL
Other Multiplier-Based Approaches
IMPLICATIONS FOR THE ENHANCEMENT OF COGNITIVE COMPETENCE
4 The Search for General Abilities and Basic Capacities
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND TO THE APPROACHES STUDYING ABILITIES AND CAPACITIES
Franz Joseph Gall and Phrenology
Sir Francis Galton and “Heritable Genius”
The Inductive Search for Mental Abilities and Capacities
From Associative Learning to Information Processing Models of Human Cognition
Some Fundamental Assumptions in the Search of Basic Capacities and General Abilities
THE MODIFIABILITY OF PERFORMANCE AND ITS MEDIATING MECHANISMS
Large Practice Effects after Extended Practice
The Applicability of the Hardware versus Software Distinction for Biological Systems
THE COMPLEXITY OF THE MECHANISMS MEDIATING THE SUPERIOR PERFORMANCE OF EXPERTS
The Ability to Select Superior Actions
The Ability to Generate Rapid Reactions
The Ability to Control Movement Production
EXPLANATION OF INTER- AND INTRA-INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN SKILLED PERFORMANCE
THE ACQUISITION OF AMATEUR AND TYPICAL LEVELS OF PERFORMANCE
The Acquisition of Expert Performance and Its Mediating Mechanisms
The Acquisition of Highly Technical Skills
The Acquisition of Increased Performance Speed
The Acquisition of Superior Skills to Select Actions
Deliberate Practice and Expert Performance: General Comments
5 On Abilities and Domains
Four Prototypical Experts
Modular Cognitive Faculties: A Cross-Species Comparison
Implications of Human Integrative Capacities and Human Culture
Intelligences as the Dimensions Underlying Abilities
CONCLUSIONS: IMPLICATIONS FOR EDUCATION
6 Expertise and Mental Disabilities
Selected Review of the Literature on Expertise
HYPOTHESIS: THE CONCEPT AND THEORY OF EXPERTISE CAN BE USEFULLY APPLIED TO STUDIES OF MENTAL DISABILITIES
EXPERTISE AGAINST THE ODDS: CAN EXPERTISE BE ACQUIRED IN THE CONTEXT OF MENTAL HANDICAP?
IMPLICATIONS OF AN INCLUSIVE MODEL OF EXPERTISE FOR REVEALING THE GENETIC ETIOLOGY OF COMPLEX COGNITIVE FUNCTIONS
Premise One: The Modularity of Single-Word Reading with Respect to Other Cognitive Abilities
Premise Two: Similarities in the Structure and Process of Single-Word Reading in Normal, Precocious, and Disabled Readers
7 The Early Progress of Able Young Musicians
DESCRIPTIVE AND THEORETICAL APPROACHES
Discussion of the Stage One Findings
Findings 1: Parental Influences on Musical Progress
Findings 3: Early Signs of Musical Ability
Findings 4: Teacher Influences
GENERAL DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS
8 Expertise, Competence, and Creative Ability
Is Creativity an Ability?
Can Creativity Be Measured?
How is Creativity Distributed in the Population?
Is Creativity Genetically Inherited?
Does Creativity Require Expertise?
Does Creativity Presume Any Competencies?
9 Biological Intelligence
BIOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO INTELLIGENCE
Historically Important Biological Approaches
Hemispheric Specialization
Rate of Neural Transmission
Electrophysiological Approaches
Genetic and Behavior-Genetic Approaches
Separated Identical Twins
Identical Versus Fraternal Twins
A Perspective on Biological Intelligence Based on Transmission of Genes
THE NATURE OF ADAPTATION TO THE ENVIRONMENT
Intelligence as an Interaction
Intelligence as a Systems Property
What is Biological Intelligence?
10 What Causes Individual Differences in Cognitive Performance?
SEARCHING FOR THE DETERMINANTS OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN COGNITIVE PERFORMANCE
Nature of Cognitive Performance
INTERESTING FACTS ABOUT COGNITIVE PERFORMANCE
Fact 1: Developmental Trends
Fact 3: Twin Heritability Effects
Fact 4: Deliberate Practice can Greatly Enhance Performance
Fact 5: Savants Show Outstanding Cognitive Performance on Highly Specialized Tasks
Fact 6: The Progress of Young Musicians Depends on Parental Support and Commitment to Practice
Fact 7: The Learning Curve for Creativity is not the Same for Expertise
Fact 8: The Brains of Higher and Lower Ability People Behave Differently
The Psychology of Abilities, Competencies, and Expertise
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