Chapter
1.3.3 Evaluation of n-RC Networks Model
1.4.2 Classification of Estimation Methods
1.4.3 Description of AEKF Algorithm
1.4.3.2 Application to the Battery System
2 High-Power Energy Storage: Ultracapacitors
2.1.2 UC Management System
2.2.1 Electrochemical Models
2.2.2 Equivalent Circuit Models
2.2.4 Fractional-Order Models
3 HESS and Its Application in Series Hybrid Electric Vehicles
3.2 Modeling and Application of HESS
3.2.1 Modeling and Optimization of Four Typical HESS Topologies
3.2.1.1 HESS Configurations
3.2.1.2 Construction of the Optimization Framework
3.2.1.3 Modeling of the HESS
Ultracapacitor Pack Model
Vehicle and Transmission Model
3.2.2 Comparison of the Four HESS Topologies
3.2.3 Control Strategy Further Optimization for HESS
3.2.3.1 Systematic Optimization Procedure for the Power Management of the HESS
3.2.3.2 Analysis of the Optimization Results
3.2.3.3 Optimal Energy-Management Strategy
3.2.4 Case Study for the Application of HESS in a Series Hybrid Electric Vehicle
3.2.4.1 Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle Configuration
3.2.4.2 Integrated Power Management
3.2.4.3 Simulation Results
4 Transmission Architecture and Topology Design of EVs and HEVs
4.1.1 Architecture of Electric Vehicles
4.1.2 Architecture of Hybrid EVs
4.2 EV and HEV Architecture Representation
4.2.2 Lever Analogy Diagrams
4.2.3 Graph Representation
4.3 Topology Design of Power-Split HEV
4.3.1 Graph Model and Topology Synthesis Method
4.3.2 Recursive Algorithm
4.3.3 Kinematic and Dynamic Equations
4.3.4 Modes Connection Analysis
4.3.5 Optimization Algorithm
4.3.6 Motor Parameter Analysis
4.3.7 Computer Synthesis Program
4.4 Topology Design of Transmission for Parallel Hybrid EVs
4.4.1 Research of Shift Sequence
4.4.2 Synthesis of Transmission Schemes
4.4.3 Multiparameter Optimization Design
4.4.4 Example of the Design Method
5 Energy Management of Hybrid Electric Vehicles
5.2 Energy Management of HEVs
5.2.1 Heuristic Strategies
5.2.1.1 Deterministic Rules-Based Strategies
Modified Power Follower Strategy
State Machine-Based Strategy
5.2.1.2 Fuzzy Logic Approach
Conventional Fuzzy Control Strategy
Adaptive Fuzzy Control Strategy
Predictive Fuzzy Control Strategy
5.2.2 Optimization Approach
5.2.2.1 Offline Optimization
5.2.2.2 Online Optimization
Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy
Intelligent Control Strategies
Model Predictive Controls
5.3.1 Series Hybrid Electric Tracked Vehicle Model
5.3.1.3 Generator and Motor Models
5.3.1.4 Ultracapacitor Model
5.3.2 Power-Management Strategies
5.3.2.1 Rules-Based Strategy
5.3.2.2 Dynamic Programming
5.4 Model Predictive Control Strategy
6 Structure Optimization and Generalized Dynamics Control of Hybrid Electric Vehicles
6.2 Generalized Dynamics Models
6.2.1 Vehicle Dynamics Models
6.2.2 Hybrid Powertrain Models
6.2.3 Generalized Dynamics Model
6.3 Extended High-Efficiency Area Model
6.3.1 Efficiency Model of Engine
6.3.2 Efficiency Model of HEV Operational Modes
6.4 Typicals Applications
6.4.1 Optimization of Powertrain and Control Parameters
6.4.1.1 Optimization Problem Formulation
Standard Genetic Algorithm
Enhanced Genetic Algorithm
6.4.2 Energy-Management Strategy
6.4.2.1 Problem Description
6.4.2.2 Framework of Driving-Behavior-Aware Modified SMPC for PHEBs
6.4.2.3 Stochastic Driver Models Based on Driving Behavior Classification
Classification of Driving Behavior
6.4.2.4 Design of Modified SMPC for PHEBs
7 Transmission Design and Control of EVs
7.2 EVs Equipped with IMT Powertrain System
7.2.1 Gear-Shifting Control Strategy Analysis
7.2.2 Dynamic Analysis for Shifting
7.2.3 Speed-Synchronization Analysis
7.3.1 Control-Oriented Modeling of IMT Powertrain System
7.3.2 Modeling of the Network-Induced Time-Varying Delays
7.3.3 System Augmentation
7.4 Oscillation Damping Controller Design
8 Brake-Blending Control of EVs
8.1.1 Blended-Braking Energy Management
8.1.2 Dynamic Blending Control
8.2 Brake-Blending System Modeling
8.2.2 Electrified Powertrain Model
8.2.3 Hydraulic Brake System
8.2.3.2 Hydraulic Brake Pressure
8.3 Regenerative Braking Energy-Management Strategy
8.3.1 Braking-Force Distribution Strategy
8.3.1.1 Front- and Rear-Braking Force Allocation
8.3.1.2 Regenerative and Hydraulic Brakes Distribution
8.3.2 Cooperative Control Algorithm of Blended Brakes
8.3.3 Hardware-in-the-Loop Simulation of the Braking Energy-Management Strategy
8.3.3.1 HiL Simulation Scenario Setup
8.3.3.2 HiL Simulation Results and Analysis
8.4 Dynamic Brake-Blending Control Algorithm
8.4.1 Effects of Powertrain Backlash and Flexibility on Brake-Blending Control
8.4.1.1 Effect of Powertrain Backlash on Vehicle Drivability During Regenerative Deceleration
8.4.1.2 Effect of Powertrain Flexibility on Brake-Blending Performance
8.4.2 Active Powertrain Control Algorithm Design
8.4.2.1 Hierarchical Control Architecture
8.4.2.2 Sliding-Mode-Based Controller for Powertrain-Backlash Compensation
8.4.2.3 Torque-Tracking Controller for Powertrain Flexibility Compensation
8.4.3 Simulation Verification of the Dynamic Brake-Blending Control
8.4.3.1 Simulation Results of Contact-Mode Active Control
8.4.3.2 Simulation Results of Active Control in Combined Contact and Backlash Modes
8.4.3.3 Comparisons of the Three Control Algorithms
9 Dynamics Control for EVs
9.1.1 Introduction to Dynamics Control
9.1.1.1 Two-Degrees-of-Freedom (2DOF) Control
9.1.1.2 Disturbance Observer (DOB)
9.1.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Vehicle Electrification
9.2 Modeling and Control of EVs
9.2.1 Longitudinal Motion
9.3 Sensing and Estimation
9.3.2 Parameter and State Estimation
9.3.2.1 Cornering Stiffness Estimation
9.3.2.2 Body-Slip-Angle Estimation
9.4 Active Safety Control
9.4.2 Yaw-Moment-Observer-based Direct-Yaw-Moment Control
9.4.3 Driving-Force-Observer-Based Driving-Force Control
9.5 Riding and Energy Efficiency Control
9.5.2 Range-Extension Control System
10 Robust Gain-Scheduling Control of Vehicle Lateral Dynamics Through AFS/DYC
10.2 Development of Uncertain Vehicle Dynamics Model
10.2.1 Lateral Model Reference
10.2.2 Proposed Control Law
10.4.1 J-Turn Maneuver With Varying Longitudinal Velocities and Cornering Stiffness
10.4.2 Double-Lane Change Maneuver With Varying Longitudinal Velocities and Cornering Stiffness
10.4.3 Sinusoid Maneuver With Varying Longitudinal Velocities and Cornering Stiffness
11 State and Parameter Estimation of EVs
11.2 Velocity Estimation (Longitudinal, and Total, Preferred Method and Alternatives)
11.2.1 Wheel-Rotation Summation
11.3 Slip-Angle Estimation
11.3.1 Method 1: Kinematic Method
11.3.2 Method 2: Dynamic Method With a Nonlinear Tire Model and Takagi–Sugeno Fuzzy Modeling
11.4 Tire-Force and Tire–Road Friction Coefficient Estimation
11.4.1 Traditional Tire Force and Tire–Road Friction Coefficient Estimation Method
11.4.2 New Tire Force and Tire–Road Friction Coefficient Estimation Method
11.4.3 Simulation Results of Tire-Friction Force and Tire–Road Friction Estimation
11.5 Vehicle Mass- and Road Slope-Estimation Method
11.5.1 Two-Layer Vehicle Mass and Road-Slope Adaptive Estimation Method
11.5.2 Experimental Results of the Proposed Two-Layer Adaptive Estimator
12 Modeling and Fault-Tolerant-Control of Four-Wheel-Independent-Drive EVs
12.2 System Modeling and Problem Formulation
12.2.3 Fault Model Considering Actuator Faults
12.3 Fault-Tolerant Tracking Controller Design
12.4 Simulation Investigations
12.4.1 Reference Signal Generations
12.4.3 Single-Lane Change
12.4.4 Double-Lane Change
13 Integrated System Design and Energy Management of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles
13.3.2 Daily PHEV Operation
13.3.3 Heuristic Solutions
13.3.3.6 Comparison of the Five Heuristic Scenarios
13.4 Emission Mitigation via Renewable Energy Integration
13.4.1 Grid Emissions With Intermittent Wind Power
13.4.2 Carbon-Emission Reduction of PHEV
13.5 Optimal Scenario With Integrated System Design and Energy Management
13.5.2 Optimization Results
13.6 Battery-Health Implication
14 Integration of EVs With a Smart Grid
14.2.1 Vehicle Architecture and Power Balance
14.2.3.1 Electrical Model
14.3 Formulation of Cost-Optimal Control Problem
14.4 Results and Discussion
14.4.1 Optimization Results
14.4.2 Sensitivity to Price Changes
Modeling, Dynamics, and Control of Electrified Vehicles
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