Chapter
1 - Traditional Medicine: The Ancient Roots of Modern Practice
1.1 THE USE OF PLANTS IN MEDICINE: A HISTORIC TALE
1.2 TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IS A CRUCIAL PART OF AFRICAN HERITAGE
1.3 TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN SOUTH AFRICA
1.4 DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN HERBAL PREPARATIONS
2 - Are Medicinal Plants Effective for Skin Cancer?
2.1.2 Cancer Prevalence Worldwide
2.1.3 Cancer Prevalence in South Africa
2.2 THE FUNDAMENTALS OF THE SKIN AND SKIN CANCER
2.2.3 The Ultraviolet Index
2.2.4 Conventional Treatments for Skin Cancer
2.3 PLANTS AS A SOURCE FOR CANCER PREVENTION AND TREATMENT
2.3.1 Plant-Derived Compounds Currently Used for Cancer Treatment
2.3.2 Research on South African Plants for Novel Anticancer Treatments
2.3.3 Traditionally Used Plants From South Africa for Cancer and Their Associated Symptoms
2.3.4 Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals
2.3.4.4 Soybeans and Oils
2.3.4.6 Nutraceuticals Over the Counter for Skin Cancer
2.5 POTENTIAL PLANTS AND NATURAL PRODUCTS WITH CHEMOPREVENTIVE ACTIVITY AGAINST ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION
3 - Fighting the Inevitable: Skin Aging and Plants
3.1 THE INEVITABLE: AGING
3.1.1 Aging Prevalence Worldwide
3.1.2 Aging Prevalence in Africa
3.1.3 Current Antiaging Approaches in Skin Care
3.1.3.2 Microdermabrasion
3.1.4 Aging Is a Complex Biological Process With Many Theories Surrounding It
3.1.5 The Enemy Enzyme, Elastase and Its Target, Elastin
3.2 PLANTS USED TRADITIONALLY TO PREVENT THE APPEARANCE OF WRINKLES
3.3 PRODUCTS AND POTENTIAL PLANTS WITH ELASTASE INHIBITION
4 - Exploiting Medicinal Plants as Possible Treatments for Acne Vulgaris
4.1.1 Propionibacterium acnes and the Skin
4.1.2 Pathogenesis of Acne
4.1.3 Androgens and Sebum Production
4.1.4 Hyperkeratinization
4.1.5 Proliferation of Propionibacterium acnes
4.1.7 Acne Vulgaris Prevalence Worldwide and in South Africa
4.2 WHY USE PLANTS FOR THE TREATMENT OF ACNE VULGARIS?
4.2.1 Plant Extracts Traditionally Used for the Treatment of Acne
4.2.2 Plant Compounds With Antiacne and Antiinflammatory Activity
4.3 ESSENTIAL OILS FOR THE TREATMENT OF ACNE
4.3.1 Plant Essential Oils Traditionally Used and Commercially Available for the Treatment of Acne
4.4 SCIENTIFIC REPORTS ON PLANTS AGAINST PROPIONIBACTERIUM ACNES
4.4.1 Antiinflammatory Activity of Leucosidea sericea
4.4.2 Antiacne Formulations From Leucosidea sericea
5 - Medicinal Plants as Alternative Treatments for Progressive Macular Hypomelanosis
5.1 PROGRESSIVE MACULAR HYPOMELANOSIS
5.1.1 Melanogenesis and Progressive Macular Hypomelanosis
5.1.2 Causal Bacteria and Current Treatments
5.1.3 Melanin Production and the Role of Tyrosinase
5.1.4 Melanin Transfer and the Factors Involved
5.1.5 Prevalence of Progressive Macular Hypomelanosis
5.2 MEDICINAL PLANTS USED FOR PROGRESSIVE MACULAR HYPOMELANOSIS AND OTHER HYPOPIGMENTED DISORDERS
5.3 PLANT PRODUCTS FOR HYPOPIGMENTED DISORDERS FROM MEDICINAL PLANTS
5.4 COMPOUNDS STIMULATING MELANIN PRODUCTION
5.5 ANTIBACTERIAL COMPOUNDS
5.5.4 Chalcones and Flavonoids
6 - The Role of Medicinal Plants in Oral Care
6.1.1 Teeth, Gums, and Alveolar Bones
6.2.1.1 Causes of Periodontitis
6.2.1.2 Prevotella intermedia
6.2.2.1 Causes of Dental Caries
6.2.2.2 Mechanisms Employed by Streptococcus mutans to1399746146Cause Disease
6.2.3.1 Causes of Oral Candidiasis
6.2.3.2 Mechanisms Employed by Candida albicans to Cause1399746146Disease
6.3 PREVALENCE OF ORAL DISEASES
6.3.1 Prevalence of Oral Diseases Worldwide
6.3.2 Prevalence of Periodontal Diseases in South Africa
6.5 PLANTS TRADITIONALLY USED FOR ORAL CARE
6.6 PLANT PRODUCTS PRODUCED FROM MEDICINAL PLANTS
6.6.2 Oral Rinses and Herbal Mouthwash
6.6.3 Toothbrush Sticks and Chewing Sticks
6.7 REPORTED ANTIBACTERIAL AND ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF MEDICINAL PLANTS AND PHYTOCHEMICAL COMPOUNDS
6.7.1 Heteropyxis dehniae Suess
6.7.2 Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M. Perry
6.7.3 Vaccinium vitis-idaea L
6.7.4 Cinnamomum verum J. Presl
6.7.5 Melaleuca alternifolia Cheel
6.7.6 Azadirachta indica A. Juss
6.7.7 Euclea natalensis A.DC
6.7.8 Diospyros lycioides Desf
6.7.9 Mentha longifolia L
6.7.10 Zantedeschia aethiopica (L.) Spreng
7 - Can Medicinal Plants Provide an Adjuvant for Tuberculosis Patients?
7.1.1 The Casual Organism
7.1.2 The Global Effect of Tuberculosis
7.1.4 Human Immunodeficiency Virus Coinfection and Resistant Bacteria
7.1.4.1 Tuberculosis and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Coinfection
7.1.4.2 Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis
7.1.7 Latent Infection and Biofilm Formation
7.2 MEDICINAL PLANTS AGAINST MYCOBACTERIUM SPECIES
7.3 SOUTH AFRICAN MEDICINAL PLANTS (FIG. 7.8)
7.3.2 Antimycobacterial Activity
7.3.3 Immune Stimulatory Activity
7.3.4 Hepatoprotective Activity
7.4 PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT AND FUTURE PROSPECTS
8 - Medicinal Plants Used in the Treatment of Superficial Skin Infections: From Traditional Medicine to Herbal Soap Formulations
8.1 SUPERFICIAL SKIN INFECTIONS
8.1.1 Common Superficial Fungal Infections (Mycoses)
8.1.2 Common Bacterial Skin Infections
8.1.3 Prevalence of Skin Infections Worldwide
8.1.4 Prevalence of Skin Infections in Africa
8.1.5 Current Treatments of Skin Infections
8.2 SOUTH AFRICAN PLANTS USED IN THE TREATMENT OF BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL SKIN INFECTIONS
8.2.1 Elephantorrhiza elephantina (Burch.) Skeels (Eland’s Bean)
8.2.2 Melianthus comosus Vahl (Honey Flower)
8.2.3 Dicoma anomala Sond. (Fever Bush)
8.2.4 Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth. (Sausage Tree)
8.2.5 Ekebergia capensis Sparrm. (Cape Ash)
8.2.6 Diospyros mespiliformis Hochst. ex A.DC. (African Ebony, Jackleberry)
8.2.7 Aloe ferox Mill. (Bitter Aloe)
8.2.8 Warburgia salutaris (G. Bertol.) Chiov. (Pepper-Bark, Fever Tree)
8.2.9 Senecio serratuloides DC. (Two-Day Plant)
8.3 HERBAL SOAPS INFUSED WITH PLANTS EXTRACTS
9 - Garlic (Allium sativum) and Its Associated Molecules, as Medicine
9.1 INTRODUCTION: ALLIUM SATIVUM AND ITS HISTORICAL RELEVANCE
9.3 RESEARCH FINDINGS OF GARLIC EXTRACTS
9.3.1 Biological Properties
9.3.5 Immune Stimulatory Effect
9.3.7 Clinical Significance
10 - Maximizing Medicinal Plants: Steps to Realizing Their Full Potential
10.1 MAXIMIZING THE VALUE OF MEDICINAL PLANTS
10.1.1 Educate the Global Population About the Use of Plants in Medicine
10.1.2 The Use of Medicinal Plants Stemming From Ethnomedicinal Origin Needs to Be Fully Understood and Scientifically Validated...
10.1.3 Bridge the Gap Between Modern Western Medicine and Traditional Medicine
10.1.4 Develop Sustainable Strategies for Commercialization
Medicinal Plants for Holistic Health and Well-Being
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