Front Cover

Sport and the Brain: The Science of Preparing, Enduring and Winning, Part B

Copyright

Contributors

Contents

Chapter 1: Quiet eye training improves accuracy in basketball field goal shooting

1. Introduction

2. Methods

2.1. Participants

2.2. QET and TT Training Protocol

3. Results

3.1. Accuracy (FG%)

4. Discussion

4.1. Pre- to Postperformance

4.2. Post to Transfer Performance

4.3. Effectiveness of the Elite QE Free Throw in Field Shooting

4.4. Limitations and Recommendations

5. Conclusion

References

Further Reading

Chapter 2: Sleep, sport, and the brain

1. Introduction

2. Background

2.1. Sleep Stages

2.2. Neurophysiology of the Sleep-Wake Cycle

3. Sleep and Athletes

3.1. Importance of Sleep in Athletes

3.2. Incidence of Sleep Disruption in Athletes

3.3. Causes of Sleep Disruption in Athletes

3.4. Sleep and Athlete Performance

3.5. Sleep Extension

4. Sleep Deprivation and Brain Function

4.1. Cognitive Performance in Athletes

4.2. Cognitive Performance, Memory, and Learning

4.3. Mood

4.4. Molecular Aspects of Sleep Disruption

5. Conclusion

References

Chapter 3: The resonant system: Linking brain-body-environment in sport performance*

1. Introduction

2. How Does an Athlete Obtain Information to Regulate Action?

2.1. Revisiting Misunderstandings About Perception and Internal Representations

2.2. Linking Brain-Body-Environment: The Resonant System

3. Conclusion

References

Further Reading

Chapter 4: Catching on it early: Bodily and brain anticipatory mechanisms for excellence in sport

1. Visual Anticipation and Intention Reading

2. From an Action Observation Network to Predictive Embodiment

3. “Gut Feeling” in Sports: From Interoception to Intuition

4. Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 5: Exploring the applicability of the contextual interference effect in sports practice

1. Introduction

2. The Influence of Skill Complexity

3. Mechanisms and Practice

4. The Importance of Demonstrating the Transfer of Learning

5. Future Research Directions to Produce Guidelines for Applied Practice

6. Concluding Remarks

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 6: Sport, time pressure, and cognitive performance

1. Introduction

2. Methods

2.1. Study Design

2.2. Ethical Approval and Consent

2.3. Participants

2.4. Test Procedures

2.4.1. PACER test

2.4.2. Flanker task

2.5. Data Processing and Analysis

3. Results

3.1. Participant Profiles

3.2. Accuracy and Response Times

3.2.1. Accuracy

3.2.2. Response times

3.2.3. Accuracy and response time summary

3.3. Drift Diffusion Analysis

3.3.1. Threshold separation (A)

3.3.2. Drift rate (V)

3.3.3. Nondecision time (T)

3.3.4. Drift diffusion parameter summary

4. Discussion

5. Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 7: Effectiveness of above real-time training on decision-making in elite football: A dose-res

1. Introduction

2. Methods and Materials

2.1. Participants

2.2. Experimental Design

2.3. Statistical Analysis

3. Results

4. Discussion

Acknowledgments

References

Further Reading

Chapter 8: Can athletes benefit from difficulty? A systematic review of growth following adversity in competitive sport

1. Introduction

2. Method

2.1. Search Strategy

2.2. Inclusion Criteria

2.3. Sifting of Papers

2.4. Methodological Rigor

2.5. Data Extraction

2.6. Data Analysis

3. Results

3.1. Study Characteristics

3.1.1. Growth terminology

3.1.2. Theoretical underpinning

3.1.3. Study design

3.1.4. Participant details

3.1.4.1. Sample size

3.1.4.2. Age and gender

3.1.4.3. Sport

3.1.4.4. Sport modality and standard

3.1.5. Data analysis

3.2. Quality Appraisal

3.3. Adversity-Related Experiences

3.3.1. Negative events and experiences

3.3.2. Response to negative events and experiences

3.3.2.1. Cognitive responses

3.3.2.2. Emotional responses

3.3.2.3. Physical responses

3.3.2.4. Behavioral responses

3.4. Growth-Related Experiences

3.4.1. Mechanisms of growth

3.4.1.1. Internal mechanisms

3.4.1.2. External mechanisms

3.4.2. Indicators of growth

3.4.2.1. Intrapersonal indicators

3.4.2.2. Interpersonal indicators

3.4.2.3. Physical indicators

4. Discussion

4.1. Definitions and Theory

4.2. Adversity-Related Experiences

4.3. Growth-Related Experiences

4.4. Limitations and Future Research

References

Chapter 9: Effects of acute high-intensity exercise on cognitive performance in trained individuals: A systematic review

1. Introduction

2. Method

2.1. Eligibility Criteria

2.1.1. Trained/highly fit participants: Definition

2.1.2. High-intensity exercise: Definition

2.2. Information Sources and Search Strategy

2.3. Study Selection and Data Collection Process

2.4. Quality Assessment

2.5. Analysis

3. Results

3.1. Study Selection

3.2. Quality Assessment

3.3. Descriptive Characteristics of Included Studies

3.4. Effect of Acute High-Intensity Exercise of Cognitive Function

3.4.1. Information processing

3.4.2. Executive function

3.4.3. Memory

3.4.4. Attention

3.4.5. Time of testing

4. Discussion

4.1. Considerations for Future Research

4.2. Limitations of the Current Review

5. Conclusion

References

Chapter 10: Changes in brain activity during action observation and motor imagery: Their relationship with motor learning

1. Basic Aspects of Action Observation

2. Basic Aspects of Motor Imagery

3. Brain Activity Relating to Task Complexity

3.1. Actual Execution

3.2. Action Observation

3.3. Motor Imagery

4. Activity Change in Association With Motor Learning

4.1. Actual Execution

4.2. Action Observation

4.3. Motor Imagery

5. Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 11: Moving concussion care to the next level: The emergence and role of concussion clinics in the UK

1. Introduction

2. Concussion Clinics in the UK

3. Multidisciplinary Approach to Concussion Management

3.1. Sports Physician

3.2. Radiologist

3.3. Neurologist

3.4. Physiotherapist

3.5. Psychologist and Psychiatrist

4. Conclusions

4.1. Diagnosis

4.2. Imaging

4.3. Multimedia Technologies

4.4. Education/Dissemination

4.5. Concussion Clinics for All

References

Chapter 12: Neurocognitive mechanisms of the flow state

1. Introduction

1.1. The Flow State

1.2. Flow in Sport

2. Attention

2.1. Automaticity

2.1.1. Transient Hypofrontality Theory (THT)

2.1.2. Reduced Verbal-Analytic Processing

2.2. Attentional Control

2.2.1. Synchronization Theory

2.2.2. Top-Down Attention Networks

2.2.3. Dopamine Pathways

2.3. Attentional Effort

2.3.1. Psychophysiological Measures of Attentional Effort

2.3.2. Conflict Monitoring

2.4. Self-Awareness

2.5. Attention Summary

3. Discussion

4. Conclusions

References

Chapter 13: Discerning measures of conscious brain processes associated with superior early motor performance: Capacity, ...

1. Introduction

2. Method

2.1. Participants

2.2. Materials

2.3. Procedure

2.4. Dependent Variables and Data Analysis

2.4.1. Dependent variables

2.4.2. Data reduction

2.4.3. Statistical analyses

3. Results

3.1. Correlation Between EEG Coherence and Performance Variables

3.2. Predicting Single Task Accuracy

3.3. Predicting Combined Task Accuracy

4. Discussion

5. Limitations

6. Conclusion

References

Chapter 14: Action-skilled observation: Issues for the study of sport expertise and the brain

1. The AON and “Mirror Properties”

2. Neurophysiological Methods

3. Action Observation and Recruitment of the Simulation Circuit: A Review of the Evidence

3.1. Early Action Experiences

3.2. Physical and Imitative Short-Term Practice

3.3. Sport Expertise and Long-Term Visual-Motor Experiences

3.3.1. Action Observation as a Function of Familiarity

3.3.2. Action Anticipation

3.3.3. Detection of Deceptive Actions

4. Summary and Conclusions

References

Chapter 15: Gunslingers, poker players, and chickens 1: Decision making under physical performance pressure in elite athletes

1. Introduction

2. Method

2.1. Participants

2.2. Protocol

2.3. Physical Pressure Induction

2.4. Decision-Making Tasks

2.4.1. Balloon analogue risk task

2.4.2. Cambridge gambling task

2.4.3. Stroop task

2.5. Analysis

2.5.1. Balloon analogue risk task

2.5.2. Cambridge gambling task

2.5.3. Stroop task

2.5.4. Correlation analysis assessing response to pressure across tasks

2.5.5. Applicability of group data to individuals

3. Results

3.1. Does performance on the BART change under pressure?

3.2. Does Performance on the CGT Change Under Pressure?

3.2.1. Response times

3.2.2. Error rates

3.2.3. Number of points gambled

3.2.4. Risk Adjustment

3.3. Does Performance on the Stroop Task Change Under Pressure?

3.4. Were Individual Performance Changes Under Pressure Consistent Across Tasks?

3.5. Applicability of Group Data to Individuals

4. Discussion

5. Conclusion

References

Chapter 16: Gunslingers, poker players, and chickens 2: Decision-making under physical performance pressure in subelite at ...

1. Introduction

2. Method

2.1. Participants

2.2. Protocol

2.3. Physical Pressure Induction

2.4. Decision-Making Tasks

2.4.1. Balloon Analogue Risk Task

2.4.2. Cambridge Gambling Task

2.4.3. SSRT Task

2.5. Analysis

2.5.1. Balloon Analogue Risk Task

2.5.2. Cambridge Gambling Task

2.5.3. Stop Signal Reaction Time Task

2.5.4. Correlation analysis assessing response to pressure across tasks

2.5.5. Applicability of group data to individuals

3. Results

3.1. Does performance on the BART change under pressure?

3.2. Does performance on the cgt change under pressure?

3.2.1. Response times

3.2.2. Error rates

3.2.3. Number of points gambled

3.2.4. Risk adjustment

3.3. Does performance on the SSRT Task change under pressure?

3.4. Were individual performance changes under pressure consistent across tasks?

3.5. Applicability of group data to individuals

4. Discussion

5. Conclusion

References

Chapter 17: Gunslingers, poker players, and chickens 3: Decision making under mental performance pressure in junior elite ...

1. Introduction

2. Method

2.1. Participants

2.2. Protocol

2.3. Mental Pressure Induction

2.4. Decision-Making Tasks

2.4.1. Balloon Analogue Risk Task

2.4.2. Cambridge Gambling Task

2.4.3. Visual Search Task

2.5. Analysis

2.5.1. Balloon Analogue Risk Task

2.5.2. Cambridge Gambling Task

2.5.3. Visual Search Task

2.5.4. Performance of the Dual Task

2.5.5. Correlation analysis assessing response to pressure across tasks

2.5.6. Applicability of group data to individuals

3. Results

3.1. Does performance on the bart change under pressure?

3.2. Does performance on the CGT change under pressure?

3.2.1. Response times

3.2.2. Error rates

3.2.3. Number of points gambled

3.2.4. Risk adjustment

3.3. Does performance on the Visual Search Task change under pressure?

3.3.1. Reaction times

3.3.2. Error rates

3.4. Performance on the Dual Task

3.5. Were individual performance changes under pressure consistent across tasks?

3.6. Applicability of group data to individuals

4. Discussion

5. Conclusion

References

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