Chapter
1.1 Sustainable Transportation
1.1.1 Population, Energy, and Transportation
1.1.4 New Fuel Economy Requirement
1.2 A Brief History of HEVs
1.3 Why EVs Emerged and Failed in the 1990s, and What We Can Learn
1.4 Architectures of HEVs
1.4.3 Series–Parallel HEVs
1.4.5 Diesel and other Hybrids
1.4.6 Other Approaches to Vehicle Hybridization
1.4.7 Hybridization Ratio
1.5 Interdisciplinary Nature of HEVs
1.6 State of the Art of HEVs
1.6.4 The Two-Mode Hybrid
1.7 Challenges and Key Technology of HEVs
1.8 The Invisible Hand–Government Support
1.9 Latest Development in EV and HEV, China’s Surge in EV Sales
Chapter 2 Concept of Hybridization of the Automobile
2.1.1 Constituents of a Conventional Vehicle
2.1.2 Vehicle and Propulsion Load
2.1.3 Drive Cycles and Drive Terrain
2.2.2 Constituents of an EV
2.2.3 Vehicle and Propulsion Loads
2.3.2 Constituents of an HEV
2.4 Basics of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV)
2.4.2 Constituents of a PHEV
2.4.3 Comparison of HEV and PHEV
2.5 Basics of Fuel Cell Vehicles (FCVs)
2.5.2 Constituents of a FCV
2.5.3 Some Issues Related to Fuel Cells
Chapter 3 HEV Fundamentals
3.4 EV Powertrain Component Sizing
3.5 Series Hybrid Vehicle
3.6 Parallel Hybrid Vehicle
3.6.1 Electrically Peaking Hybrid Concept
3.6.2 ICE Characteristics
3.6.3 Gradability Requirement
3.6.4 Selection of Gear Ratio from ICE to Wheel
Chapter 4 Advanced HEV Architectures and Dynamics of HEV Powertrain
4.1 Principle of Planetary Gears
4.2 Toyota Prius and Ford Escape Hybrid Powertrain
4.3 GM Two-Mode Hybrid Transmission
4.3.1 Operating Principle of the Two-Mode Powertrain
4.3.2 Mode 0: Vehicle Launch and Backup
4.3.5 Mode 3: Regenerative Braking
4.3.6 Transition between Modes 0, 1, 2, and 3
4.4 Dual-Clutch Hybrid Transmissions
4.4.1 Conventional DCT Technology
4.4.2 Gear Shift Schedule
4.4.3 DCT-Based Hybrid Powertrain
4.4.4 Operation of DCT-Based Hybrid Powertrain
4.4.4.3 Engine-Alone Mode
4.4.4.4 Regenerative Braking Mode
4.4.4.6 Standstill Charge Mode
4.4.4.7 Series Hybrid Mode
4.5 Hybrid Transmission Proposed by Zhang et al.
4.5.2 Combined Power Mode
4.5.5 Energy Recovery Mode
4.6 Renault IVT Hybrid Transmission
4.7 Timken Two-Mode Hybrid Transmission
4.7.1 Mode 0: Launch and Reverse
4.7.2 Mode 1: Low-Speed Operation
4.7.3 Mode 2: High-Speed Operation
4.7.4 Mode 4: Series Operating Mode
4.8 Tsai’s Hybrid Transmission
4.9 Hybrid Transmission with Both Speed and Torque Coupling Mechanism
4.10 Toyota Highlander and Lexus Hybrid, E-Four-Wheel Drive
4.12 Chevy Volt Powertrain
4.13 Non-Ideal Gears in the Planetary System
4.14 Dynamics of the Transmission
Chapter 5 Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles
5.1 Introduction to PHEVs
5.1.4 Electricity for PHEV Use
5.3 Equivalent Electric Range of Blended PHEVs
5.4 Fuel Economy of PHEVs
5.4.1 Well‐to‐Wheel Efficiency
5.5 Power Management of PHEVs
5.6 PHEV Design and Component Sizing
5.7 Component Sizing of EREVs
5.8 Component Sizing of Blended PHEVs
5.9 HEV to PHEV Conversions
5.9.1 Replacing the Existing Battery Pack
5.9.2 Adding an Extra Battery Pack
5.9.3 Converting Conventional Vehicles to PHEVs
5.10 Other Topics on PHEVs
5.10.1 End-of-Life Battery for Electric Power Grid Support
5.10.2 Cold Start Emissions Reduction in PHEVs
5.10.3 Cold Weather/Hot Weather Performance Enhancement in PHEVs
5.11 Vehicle-to-Grid Technology
5.11.1 PHEV Battery Charging
5.11.3 The Concept of V2G
5.11.5 Case Studies of V2G
Chapter 6 Special Hybrid Vehicles
6.1 Hydraulic Hybrid Vehicles
6.1.1 Regenerative Braking in HHVs
6.2.2 Hybrid Excavator Design Considerations
6.4 Electric or Hybrid Ships, Aircraft, and Locomotives
6.5 Other Industrial Utility Application Vehicles
Chapter 7 HEV Applications for Military Vehicles
7.1 Why HEVs Can Be Beneficial for Military Applications
7.2 Ground Vehicle Applications
7.2.1 Architecture – Series, Parallel, Complex
7.2.2 Vehicles That Are of Most Benefit
7.3 Non-Ground-Vehicle Military Applications
7.3.1 Electromagnetic Launchers
7.3.2 Hybrid-Powered Ships
7.3.3 Aircraft Applications
7.3.4 Dismounted Soldier Applications
Chapter 8 Diagnostics, Prognostics, Reliability, EMC, and Other Topics Related to HEVs
8.1 Diagnostics and Prognostics in HEVs and EVs
8.1.1 Onboard Diagnostics
8.2.1 Analyzing the Reliability of HEV Architectures
8.2.2 Reliability and Graceful Degradation
8.2.3 Software Reliability Issues
8.3 Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Issues
8.4 Noise Vibration Harshness (NVH), Electromechanical, and Other Issues
Chapter 9 Power Electronics in HEVs
9.2 Principles of Power Electronics
9.3 Rectifiers Used in HEVs
9.3.2 Practical Rectifier
9.3.3 Single-Phase Rectifier
9.4 Buck Converter Used in HEVs
9.4.1 Operating Principle
9.5 Non-Isolated Bidirectional DC–DC Converter
9.5.1 Operating Principle
9.5.2 Maintaining Constant Torque Range and Power Capability
9.5.3 Reducing Current Ripple in the Battery
9.5.4 Regenerative Braking
9.6 Voltage Source Inverter
9.7 Current Source Inverter
9.8 Isolated Bidirectional DC–DC Converter
9.8.1 Basic Principle and Steady State Operations
9.8.1.1 Heavy Load Conditions
9.8.1.2 Light Load Condition
9.9 PWM Rectifier in HEVs
9.9.1 Rectifier Operation of Inverter
9.10 EV and PHEV Battery Chargers
9.10.1 Forward/Flyback Converters
9.10.2 Half-Bridge DC–DC Converter
9.10.3 Full-Bridge DC–DC Converter
9.10.4 Power Factor Correction Stage
9.10.4.1 Decreasing Impact on the Grid
9.10.4.2 Decreasing the Impact on the Switches
9.10.5 Bidirectional Battery Chargers
9.10.6 Other Charger Topologies
9.10.7 Contactless Charging
9.11 Modeling and Simulation of HEV Power Electronics
9.11.1 Device-Level Simulation
9.11.2 System-Level Model
9.12 Emerging Power Electronics Devices
9.14 Thermal Management of HEV Power Electronics
10 Electric Machines and Drives in HEVs
10.2 Induction Motor Drives
10.2.1 Principle of Induction Motors
10.2.2 Equivalent Circuit of Induction Motor
10.2.3 Speed Control of Induction Machine
10.2.4 Variable Frequency, Variable Voltage Control of Induction Motors
10.2.5 Efficiency and Losses of Induction Machine
10.2.6 Additional Loss in Induction Motors Due to PWM Supply
10.2.7 Field-Oriented Control of Induction Machine
10.3 Permanent Magnet Motor Drives
10.3.1 Basic Configuration of PM Motors
10.3.2 Basic Principle and Operation of PM Motors
10.3.3 Magnetic Circuit Analysis of IPM Motors
10.3.3.1 Unsaturated Motor
10.3.3.3 Operation Under Load
10.3.3.4 Flux Concentration
10.3.4 Sizing of Magnets in PM Motors
10.3.4.2 Direct-Axis Armature Reaction Factor
10.3.4.3 Magnetic Usage Ratio and Flux Leakage Coefficient
10.3.4.4 Maximum Armature Current
10.3.4.5 Inner Power Angle
10.3.5 Eddy Current Losses in the Magnets of PM Machines
10.4 Switched Reluctance Motors
10.5 Doubly Salient Permanent Magnet Machines
10.6 Design and Sizing of Traction Motors
10.6.1 Selection of A and B
10.6.2 Speed Rating of the Traction Motor
10.6.3 Determination of the Inner Power
10.7 Thermal Analysis and Modeling of Traction Motors
10.7.1 The Thermal Resistance of the Air Gap, Rag
10.7.2 The Radial Conduction Thermal Resistance of the Rotor Core, Rrs
10.7.3 The Radial Conduction Thermal Resistance of the Poles, Rmr
10.7.4 The Thermal Resistance of the Shaft, Rshf
10.7.5 The Radial Conduction Thermal Resistance of Stator Teeth, Rst
10.7.6 The Radial Conduction Thermal Resistance of the Stator Yoke, Rsy
10.7.7 The Conduction Thermal Resistance between the Windings and the Stator, Rws
10.7.8 Convective Thermal Resistance between Windings External to the Stator and Adjoining Air, Rwa
Chapter 11 Electric Energy Sources and Storage Devices
11.2 Characterization of Batteries
11.2.2 Energy Stored in a Battery
11.2.3 State of Charge in Battery (SOC) and Measurement of SOC
11.2.3.1 SOC Determination
11.2.3.2 Direct Measurement
11.2.3.3 Amp-hr Based Measurement
11.2.3.4 Some Better Methods
11.2.3.5 Initialization Process
11.2.4 Depth of Discharge (DOD) of a Battery
11.2.5 Specific Power and Energy Density
11.2.6 Ampere-Hour (Charge and Discharge) Efficiency
11.2.7 Number of Deep Cycles and Battery Life
11.2.8 Some Practical Issues About Batteries and Battery Life
11.2.8.1 Acronyms and Definitions
11.2.8.2 State of Health Issue in Batteries
11.2.8.3 Two-Pulse Load Method to Evaluate State of Health of a Battery [4, 6]
11.2.8.4 Battery Management Implementation
11.2.8.5 What to Do with All the Above Information
11.3 Comparison of Energy Storage Technologies
11.3.2 Nickel Metal Hydride Battery
11.3.3 Lithium-Ion Battery
11.5 Electric Circuit Model for Batteries and Ultracapacitors
11.5.2 Electric Circuit Models for Ultracapacitors
11.6 Flywheel Energy Storage System
11.7 Fuel Cell Based Hybrid Vehicular Systems
11.7.1 Introduction to Fuel Cells
11.7.1.1 Types of Fuel Cells
11.7.2 System Level Applications
11.7.3 Fuel Cell Modeling
11.8 Summary and Discussion
Chapter 12 Battery Modeling
12.2 Modeling of Nickel Metal Hydride (NiMH) Battery
12.2.1 Chemistry of an NiMH Battery
12.3 Modeling of Lithium-Ion (Li-Ion) Battery
12.3.1 Chemistry in Li-Ion Battery
12.4 Parameter Estimation for Battery Models
12.5 Example Case of Using Battery Model in an EV System
12.6 Summary and Observations on Modeling and Simulation for Batteries
Chapter 13 EV and PHEV Battery Charger Design
13.2 Main Features of the LLC Resonant Charger
13.2.1 Analysis in the Time Domain
13.2.2 Operation Modes and Distribution Analysis
13.3 Design Considerations for an LLC Converter for a PHEV Battery Charger
13.4 Charging Trajectory Design
13.4.1 Key Design Parameters
13.4.2 Design Constraints
13.6 Experimental Results
Chapter 14 Modeling and Simulation of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles
14.2 Fundamentals of Vehicle System Modeling
14.3 HEV Modeling Using ADVISOR
14.4 HEV Modeling Using PSAT
14.5 Physics-Based Modeling
14.5.1 RCF Modeling Technique
14.5.2 Hybrid Powertrain Modeling
14.5.3 Modeling of a DC Machine
14.5.4 Modeling of DC–DC Boost Converter
14.5.5 Modeling of Vehicle Dynamics
14.6 Bond Graph and Other Modeling Techniques
14.6.1 Bond Graph Modeling for HEVs
14.6.2 HEV Modeling Using PSIM
14.6.3 HEV Modeling Using Simplorer and V-Elph
14.7 Consideration of Numerical Integration Methods
Chapter 15 HEV Component Sizing and Design Optimization
15.2 Global Optimization Algorithms for HEV Design
15.2.2 Simulated Annealing
15.2.2.1 Algorithm Description
15.2.2.2 Tunable Parameters
15.2.3 Genetic Algorithms
15.2.3.2 Operators and Selection Method
15.2.3.3 Tunable Parameters
15.2.4 Particle Swarm Optimization
15.2.4.1 Algorithm Description
15.2.5 Advantages/Disadvantages of Different Optimization Algorithms
15.3 Model-in-the-Loop Design Optimization Process
15.4 Parallel HEV Design Optimization Example
15.5 Series HEV Design Optimization Example
15.5.1 Control Framework of a Series HEV Powertrain
15.5.2 Series HEV Parameter Optimization
15.5.3 Optimization Results
Chapter 16 Wireless Power Transfer for Electric Vehicle Applications
16.3 Magnetic Coupler Design
16.3.1 Coupler for Stationary Charging
16.3.2 Coupler for Dynamic Charging
16.4 Compensation Network
16.5 Power Electronics Converters and Power Control
16.7 Additional Discussion
16.7.2 Vehicle to Grid Benefits
16.7.3 Wireless Communications
16.8 A Double-Sided LCC Compensation Topology and its Parameter Design
16.8.1 The Double-Sided LCC Compensation Topology
16.8.2 Parameter Tuning for Zero Voltage Switching
16.8.4 Simulation and Experiment Results
16.8.4.1 Simulation Results
16.8.4.2 Experimental Results
16.9 An LCLC Based Wireless Charger Using Capacitive Power Transfer Principle
16.9.1 Circuit Topology Design
16.9.2 Capacitance Analysis
16.9.3 A 2.4 kW CPT System Design
Chapter 17 Vehicular Power Control Strategy and Energy Management
17.1 A Generic Framework, Definition, and Needs
17.2 Methodology to Implement
17.2.1 Methodologies for Optimization
17.2.2 Cost Function Optimization
17.3 Benefits of Energy Management
Chapter 18 Commercialization and Standardization of HEV Technology and Future Transportation
18.1 What Is Commercialization and Why Is It Important for HEVs?
18.2 Advantages, Disadvantages, and Enablers of Commercialization
18.3 Standardization and Commercialization
18.4 Commercialization Issues and Effects on Various Types of Vehicles
18.5 Commercialization of HEVs for Trucks and Off‐Road Applications
18.6 Commercialization and Future of HEVs and Transportation
Chapter 19 A Holistic Perspective on Vehicle Electrification
19.1 Vehicle Electrification – What Does it Involve?
19.2 To What Extent Should Vehicles Be Electrified?
19.3 What Other Industries Are Involved or Affected in Vehicle Electrification?
19.4 A More Complete Picture Towards Vehicle Electrification
19.5 The Ultimate Issue: To Electrify Vehicles or Not?
Hybrid Electric Vehicles
：Principles and Applications with Practical Perspectives
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