Title Page

Copyright Page

Contents

List of Contributors

Chapter 1 Generation Mechanisms of Reactive Oxygen Species in the Plant Cell: An Overview

Introduction

ROS biochemistry and their effects

Singlet Oxygen Species

Superoxide Radical

Hydrogen peroxide

Hydroxyl radical

Production sites of ROS

Chloroplast

Mitochondria

Peroxisomes

General mechanisms to ameliorate the Toxic Effects of ROS

Enzymatic ROS scavenging mechanisms

Non-enzymatic antioxidants

Conclusions and Future Perspectives

References

Chapter 2 Abiotic Stress, Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species, and Their Consequences: An Overview

Introduction

Types of ROS

Superoxide radical (O2·−)

Singlet oxygen (1O2)

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)

Hydroxyl radical (·OH)

Major players in ROS signaling

Photosynthesis

Membranes

Calcium Signaling as an Oxidative Stress Response

Nitric oxide (NO) and Oxidative Stress Responses

Protein kinases and phosphatases

Roles of Phytohormones

Transcription factors (TFs)

SRO proteins

miRNA-mediated Regulation in Oxidative Stress

Consequences of ROS generation During Abiotic Stresses

Damaging Cellular Lipids

Damaging Cellular Proteins

Damaging Nucleoid DNA

Plant Cellular Defenses Against ROS activities

Enzymatic antioxidants

Non-enzymatic antioxidants

Regulation of the Antioxidants Governs Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants

Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 3 Balancing Roles of Reactive Oxygen Species in Plants’ Response to Metalloid Exposure

Introduction

ROS: Oxidizing Agents During Metalloid Exposure

ROS: Signaling Roles During Metalloid Exposure

Mechanistic versatility in duality of ROS action

Challenges and Future Prospects

References

Chapter 4 Role of Reactive Oxygen Species in Magnetoprimed Induced Acceleration of Germination and Early Growth Characteristics of seeds

Introduction

Germination and Seedling Vigor After Magnetopriming

Activity of Enzymes Related to Germinating Magnetoprimed Seeds

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and Seed Germination After Magnetopriming

Antioxidant Enzyme Activities During Germination After Magnetopriming

Conclusions and Future Prospects

References

Chapter 5 Reactive Oxygen Species: Generation, Damage, and Quenching in Plants During Stress

Introduction

Types of ROS

Superoxide radical (O2·−)

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)

Hydroxyl radical (.OH)

Singlet oxygen (1O2)

ROS Production in plants

Chloroplasts

Peroxisomes

Mitochondria

Other Sources

Various Stresses Generate ROS in Plants

UV-B Stress

Ozone Stress

Chilling stress

Drought stress

Salinity stress

Heavy Metal Stress

Pathogens

Quenching of ROS in plants

Enzymatic Defense System

Non-enzymatic Defense System

ROS Induce Signaling in Plants

Signaling functions of ROS

Redox Responsive Proteins

ROS and Redox Signaling

Mechanism of ROS Signaling

ROS Generation and Signaling Sites

Gene expression

Role of ROS signaling

ROS Induce Programmed Cell Death (PCD) in plants

Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 6 Effects of Reactive Oxygen Species on Crop Productivity: an Overview

Introduction

Causes of ROS Overproduction and their Limitation on Productivity

Abiotic Factors

Biotic Factors

Targeted Approaches and Outcomes

Global Projections and Models

Photosynthetic Complexity

ROS and Seed Germination

Approaches to Overcome Crop Yield Loss

Crop Transformation

Breeding Technology

Contribution of Alien Genes to Yield Potential

Sources of Agricultural Growth

Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

Web References

Chapter 7 Reactive Oxygen Species and Photosynthetic Functioning: past and present

Introduction

Activation of Oxygen and Free Radicals

Oxidative Stress and Damage to Membranes

Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) as a Tool to Study ROS from Photosynthesis

Oxidative Stress and Photosynthetic Functioning

Oxidative Stress and Thylakoid Membranes

Altered Functioning of Electron Transport Systems: Generation of ROS

Sites of ROS Production: Past and Present

Maintaining Function: The Ascorbate/Glutathione Cycle and its Interrelation with Lipoic Acid in Chloroplast

References

Chapter 8 Reactive Oxygen Species and Response of the Calvin–Benson Cycle: an Overview

Introduction

ROS Generation in Plants: a Consequence of Limited CO2 Fixation/Calvin–Benson Cycle

ROS-Mediated Inhibition of the Calvin–Benson Cycle

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)-Induced Modification of Rubisco

ROS-Induced Inhibition of other Enzymes of the Calvin–Benson Cycle

Mechanism of Enzyme Inhibition by ROS: Protein Oxidation

Effect of ROS on Calvin–Benson Cycle Intermediates

Conclusion

References

Chapter 9 Role of Reactive Oxygen Species in Photophosphorylation and Damage to D1 Protein: Past and Present

Introduction

Generation of ROS

ROS Scavenging in the Plant Cell

Stress

Abiotic Stress

Biotic Stress

ROS Production Site

Chloroplast

Mitochondria

Peroxisomes

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Apoplast

Cell Walls

Plasma Membrane

Effects of ROS

Harmful Effects

Beneficial Effects

Photosystem II (PSII): Structure, Function, Damage, and Repair

D1 Protein: Biogenesis, Structure, and Assembly

Turnover: Reversible Phosphorylation and Dephosphorylation of D1 Proteins

ROS-Mediated Damage to D1 Protein and Photophosphorylation

Mechanism of PSII Repair

Irreversible Damage to D1 Protein

Plant Protection Against ROS-Mediated Damage

Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 10 Reactive Oxygen Species and Antioxidants: A Continuous Scuffle within the Cell

Introduction

Antioxidant Defense Machinery

Reactive Oxygen Species

ROS Generation and Antioxidant Scavenging

Mitochondria

Chloroplasts

Peroxisomes

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Plasma Membrane

Apoplast

Conclusion

References

Chapter 11 Quenching of Reactive Oxygen Species Inside the Cell: Physiological, Biochemical, and Molecular Mechanisms

Introduction

ROS Quenching: Physiological and Biochemical Aspects

Non-Enzymatic ROS Quenching: Mechanism and Components

Enzymatic ROS Quenching

Molecular Mechanism of ROS Quenching

Conclusion

References

Chapter 12 Adjustment of Plant Metabolism Against Reactive Oxygen Species: Past and Present

Introduction

ROS Homeostasis in Plants

Regulation of the Antioxidant System in Plants

ROS-Scavenging Enzymatic Antioxidants

Superoxide Dismutase (SOD)

Catalase (CAT)

Ascorbate Peroxidase (APX)

Guaiacol Peroxidase (GPOX)

Glutathione Reductase (GR)

Monodehydroascorbate Reductase (MDHAR)

Dehydroascorbate Reductase (DHAR)

Glutathione S-Transferases (GSTs)

Glutathione Peroxidase (GPX)

Phospholipid Hydroperoxide Glutathione Peroxidase (PHGPX)

Non-enzymatic Antioxidants

Glutathione (GSH)

Ascorbic Acid (AsA)

Tocopherol (Vitamin E)

Proline

Carotenoids

Flavonoids

Role of Polyamines

NO Metabolism

Transcription Factors

Conclusion and Future Perspectives

References

Chapter 13 The Regulation of Plant Development: Cross-talk of Reactive Oxygen Species and Plant Hormones

Introduction

ROS Producers and ROS Scavengers

Cross-talk of ROS With Phytohormones is Required for Plant Development

Seed germination

Root development

Shoot development

Senescence and cell death

Fruit ripening

Conclusion

References

Chapter 14 Cross-talk of Reactive Oxygen Species and Nitric Oxide in Various Processes of Plant Development: Past and Present

Nitric oxide (NO) and Related Intermediates: Reactive Nitrogen Species (RNS)

Physico-chemical properties of NO: A Comparison With ROS

Common sites of ROS and NO Production Within Plant Cells

Transfer of NO action: NO‐dependent Posttranslational Modifications

ROS–NO Interaction During Plant Growth and Development

ROS–NO Interplay During Seed Embryogenesis

ROS–NO Interplay in Mature Seeds

ROS–NO Interplay During Vegetative Plant Development

ROS–NO Interplay During Reproductive Plant Development

Conclusion

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 15 Reactive Oxygen Species Signaling and Seed Germination: An Overview

Introduction

Influence of ROS on male‐female cross‐talk During Fertilization

Pollen–pistil recognition

Navigation of the Pollen Tube to the micropyle

Ovular Guidance Mechanisms

ROS and NO in Repulsion or Attraction Between Sporophyte and Gametophyte

Pollen Tube Rupture

Links between ROS and Predicted Self‐incompatibility mechanisms

From Embryogenesis to Endosperm Cleavage

Status of ROS During Desiccation

Resumption Into Active Form

Cross-talk with Plant Growth Regulators

Emergence of the radicle

Safeguarding the Newly Emerged Radicle

Conclusions

Future prospects

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 16 Reactive Oxygen Species Signaling and Root Hair Development

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

Root Hair

ROS and Root Hairs

ROS and Ca2+ in Root Hair Growth

Influence of ROS and Mg Availability on Root Hair Development

Effect of ROS and Other Substances on Root Hairs

Future Perspectives

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 17 Role of Reactive Oxygen Species Signaling in Cell Proliferation and Differentiation: An Overview

Introduction

Basics of Reactive Oxygen Species

Generation of ROS in Cells

Impact of ROS as Signaling Molecules

ROS in the Proliferation of Cells

ROS in the Proliferation of Shoot Apical Meristem

ROS in the Proliferation of Root Apical Meristem

ROS in Differentiation of Cells

Conclusions

References

Index

EULA