Chapter
Forage, Range, and Grasslands Today
Forages in the National Economy
Sustainable Pastures and Hayfields
Adjusting to Climate Change
Grasslands and Energy Issues
The Need for Knowledge-Based Management
2 Structure and Morphology of Grasses
Germination and Emergence
Development of the Root System
Plant Structures and Development
Role of Meristems in Tiller Growth
3 Structure and Morphology of Legumes and Other Forbs
Roots and Root-Like Structures
Forb Ecology and Livestock Value
Location and Role of Meristems
Management Implications for Mixtures
4 Physiology of Forage Plants
Forages and the Productivity of Agricultural Land
The Photosynthetic Process
Leaf Anatomy and Forage Quality
Translocation of Carbohydrates
Inorganic Nutrient Uptake
Nitrogen Uptake from the Soil
Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation
Starch and Fructan Accumulators
5 Environmental Aspects of Forage Management
Climate Continues to Change
Chilling Temperature Stress
Freezing Temperature Stress
Management to Improve Winter Hardiness
Management of Weakened Stands
Excessive Moisture Conditions
6 Grasses for Northern Areas
Adaptation of Cool-Season Grasses
Forage Quality of Grasses
Anti-Quality Factors in Grasses
Harvesting for Hay or Silage
Warm-Season Perennial Grasses
Annual Grasses for Forage
7 Grasses for Southern Areas
Warm-Season Perennial Grasses
Adaptation, Productivity, and Use
Native Bluestems, Indiangrass, and Switchgrass
Warm-Season Annual Grasses
Cool-Season Perennial Grasses
Cool-Season Annual Grasses
Management Principles for the South
Increasing Carrying Capacity
Extending the Grazing Season
Managing Perennial Species
Establishing Winter Annual Grasses
Establishing Winter Annual Legumes
Managing Winter Annual Species
Annual Crabgrass as the Base
8 Legumes for Northern Areas
Description, Adaptation, and Distribution
Soil Fertility Requirements
Insect and Disease Problems
Harvest Management for Hay or Silage
Plant Population and Persistence
Management of Legumes for Pasture
9 Legumes for Southern Areas
Warm-Season Forage Legumes for the Gulf Coast Region
Adaptation, Productivity, and Use
Environmental Stresses and Pests
Warm-Season Forage Legumes for the Intermediate South
Adaptation, Productivity, and Use
Environmental Stresses and Pests
Cool-Season Forage Legumes
Adaptation, Productivity, and Use
Environmental Stresses and Pests
Multipurpose Forage Legumes
Soil Fertility Enhancement
Forbs for Winter Forage in the South
10 Forage Crops for Bioenergy and Industrial Products
Biochemical and Extraction Processes
Management of Energy Crops
Environmental Benefits of Energy Crops
Other Industrial Uses of Forage Crops
Compendium of Common Forages
PART II FORAGE MANAGEMENT
Species and Cultivar Selection
Lime and Fertility Requirements
Spinner or Cyclone Seeder
Scarification and Stratification
Weed Control during Establishment
Seeding with a Nurse Crop
Avoiding Alfalfa Autotoxicity
Seeding-Year Harvest Management
12 Forage Fertilization and Nutrient Management
Plant and Animal Nutrient Requirements
Components of the Nitrogen Balance
Nutrient Implications for Forage Production Systems
Farm Financial Implications of Forage Fertilization
Nutrients and the Environment
13 Integrated Pest Management in Forages
Examples of Implementation of IPM Steps
Promote Diversity of Organisms
Select Preventative Suppression Strategies
Evaluation and Refinement
PART III FORAGE UTILIZATION
Forage Quality and Animal Productivity
Forage Composition and Voluntary Intake
Non-Structural Carbohydrates
The Detergent Analysis System
Near-Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy
Relative Forage Quality and Relative Feed Value
Interpreting Forage Analysis Reports
Accurate Sampling for Forage Analysis
Sampling Silage for Quality Analysis
Factors That Affect Forage Quality
Plant Anatomy and Morphology
Harvest and Storage Effects
Fertilization Effects on Forage Quality
Environmental Effects and Diurnal Fluctuations
Digestive Anatomy of Herbivores
Rumen Development in Young Animals
Factors That Affect Animal Performance
Grazing Utilization of Forages
Energy Relationships of Grazing Livestock
Interactions of Grazing and Gut Fill
Intake and Herbage Allowance
Diet Learning and Selection
Nutrition of Grazing Equids
Forage Utilization by Dairy Cattle
16 Forage-Related Animal Disorders
Poisonous Plant Disorders
Seasonal and Conditional Disorders
Species-Related Disorders
Endopohyte-Related Animal Disorders
Managing Endophyte-Related Disorders
Sulfur-Containing Anti-Quality Constituents
Tannins and Other Phenolic Compounds
Disorders Associated Primarily with Stored Forages
Using Science to Reduce Forage Anti-Quality Factors
17 Preservation of Forage as Hay and Silage
Forage Harvest and Storage Systems
Phases of Silage Preservation
18 Grazing Management Systems
Nomenclature of Grazing Systems
Continuous and Rotational Stocking
Considerations When Developing Grazing Systems
Nutrient Management Considerations
Livestock Water Considerations
Designing Forage and Livestock Systems
Cow–Calf Systems: Northeastern USA
Cow–Calf Systems: Southeastern USA
19 Managing Grassland Ecosystems
Climate and the Distribution of Grasslands
Energy Flow in Grassland Ecosystems
Nutrient Cycling in Grassland Ecosystems
Soil Carbon and Climate Change
Herbivory in Grassland Ecosystems
Plant Responses to Managed Herbivory
Fire in Grassland Ecosystems
Managing Grasslands for Sustainability
Judicious Use of Fertilizers
Grazing Management for Sustainability
New Plantings or Renovation for Diversity
Integration of Approaches to Manage Grassland Sustainability
The Demand for Organic Products
Appendix: Common and Botanical Names of Forages
Forages, Volume 1
：An Introduction to Grassland Agriculture
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