Chapter
1.4.2 Construction of the brain: fetal development (week 9 to birth)
1.4.3 Construction of the brain: postnatal development
1.5 Brain Systems Construction and Emerging Behavior
1.6 The Genetic Blueprint for Brain Construction
1.7 Epigenetic Edits to the Blueprint for Brain Construction
1.7.1 Altering brain construction with environmental cues
1.7.2 Environmental cues: lessons learned from animals models
2 Perspectives on Behavioral Development
2.1 Historical Perspectives on Behavioral Development
2.1.1 The innate-learned dichotomy
2.1.2 Tinbergen’s ethology
2.1.3 Conditioned learning theories
2.2 Contemporary Perspectives on Behavioral Development
2.2.1 Gene–environment interaction
2.2.2 Gottlieb’s probabilistic epigenesis
2.2.3 Hogan’s behavior mechanism
2.3 The Importance of Attachment
2.3.1 Attachment in humans
2.3.2 Attachment in animals
3 Overview of Factors Influencing Brain Development
3.2 Epigenetics and Brain Development
3.3 Sensory Experiences Affecting Brain Development
3.3.1 Effects of sensory deprivation on brain development
3.3.2 Effects of sensory “enrichment” on brain development
3.3.3 Effects of tactile stimulation on brain development
3.3.4 Early multilingual experiences
3.3.5 Early musical experiences
3.3.6 Effect of early stress
3.3.7 Effect of psychoactive drugs
3.3.8 Effect of parent–infant and peer relationships
3.3.11 Effect of brain injury
3.4 Internal Experiences Affecting Brain Development
3.4.1 Role of the microbiome
3.4.2 Role of the immune system
4 The Role of Animal Models in Developmental Brain Research
4.2 The Rise of Comparative Neurobiology
4.3 Research in Neurosciences
4.4 Development of the Central Nervous System
4.5 The Mixing of Genes and Environment in Development
4.6 Aberrant Brain Development
Part II Molecular Perspectives in Brain Development
5.1 History of Neurogenesis
5.2 Adult Neural Stem Cells—Definition, Origin, & Location
5.3 The NSC Continuum—From Embryonic Development to Adulthood
5.4 Adult Neural Stem Cells—The SE Niche
5.4.1 Cellular composition
5.5.2 Quiescent versus active B1 cells
5.6 Olfactory bulb neurogenesis
5.6.1 Migration of cells to the OB
5.6.2 Survival of cells in the RMS/OB
5.6.3 Differentiation of cells in OB
5.6.3.1 Wiring newborn neurons into the preexisting circuitry
5.6.4 Regional and temporal specification of OB neurons
5.7 Function of OB neurogenesis under physiological conditions
5.7.1 Olfaction related behaviors
5.7.1.1 Odor discrimination and memory
5.7.1.2 Odor associative learning/fear conditioning
5.7.2 Reproductive, maternal, and social behaviors
5.7.3 Nonneurogenic functions of neural precursor cells
5.8 The response of SE-derived neural precursor cells after injury
5.8.1 SE regeneration following NPC ablation
5.8.2 Increased SE neurogenesis after acute injury
5.8.2.1 Neurogenesis in the striatum
5.8.2.2 Neurogenesis in the cortex
5.8.3 SE-derived neurogenesis in response to (chronic) neurodegeneration
5.9 The role of SE-derived cells after injury
5.10.1 Mobilizing endogenous neural stem cells for repair
5.10.2 Reprograming cells to an earlier NSC like state
6 Critical Periods in Cortical Development
6.1 Critical Periods in Early Brain Development
6.3 Reorganizing Connections
6.4 Mechanisms Controlling Critical Periods
6.5 Molecular Constraints on Critical Period Plasticity
6.6 Environmental Reactivation of Critical Periods in Adulthood
6.7 Reactivating Plasticity to Enhance Functional Recovery
6.8 Generalizing Beyond Amblyopia
7 Epigenetics and Genetics of Development
7.2 Introduction to Genetics
7.3 Introduction to Epigenetics
7.3.1 What is epigenetics?
7.3.2.2 Non-CpG DNA methylation
7.3.2.3 DNA hydroxymethylation
7.3.3 Regulation of chromatin structure
7.3.3.1 Histone modifications
7.3.3.3 Chromatin remodeling complexes
7.3.4.1 Short noncoding RNA
7.3.4.2 Long noncoding RNA
7.3.4.3 Additional noncoding RNA classes and RNA modifications
7.4 Gene–Environment Interactions
7.5 Major Epigenetic Events During Development
7.6 Preconception Epigenetics
7.6.3 Trans and intergenerational inheritance
7.7.1 Periconceptional development
7.7.2 Embryonic development and neurogenesis
7.8 Developmental Vulnerability Throughout the Lifetime
7.8.1 Prenatal environments
7.8.4 Later life manifestation of early life environments
8.2 Limitations of the Primary Visual Cortex
8.3 Limitations beyond the Primary Visual Cortex
8.4 Dorsal Stream Limitations: Example of Global Motion
8.5 Ventral Stream Limitations: Example of Global Form
8.6 Dorsal Stream Vulnerability
9 The Development of the Motor System
9.2 The Development of Human Walking
9.2.1 Birth to 6-Months of Age
9.2.2 Six to Twelve Months of Age
9.3 Development of Reaching: The First 12 Months of Life
9.3.1 Birth to Six Months of Age
9.3.1.1 Reaching and grasping the self
9.3.1.2 Reaching and grasping distal targets
9.3.2 Six to Twelve Months of Age
9.3.2.2 Oral exploration and eating
9.4 Interactions Between the Development of Motor and Cognitive Abilities
10 Neural Foundations of Cognition and Language
10.1 A Precis to Brain Development
10.2 Connecting Brain and Behavior
10.2.1 The general value of developmental neuroscience
10.2.2 Developmental neuroscience methods
10.3.2 Memory development
10.4.2 Morphology and syntax
10.4.3 Word learning (lexical development)
10.5.1 Timing, experience, and individual differences
10.5.2 Thoughts for the future
11 Toward an Understanding of the Neural Basis of Executive Function Development
11.2 Cool Executive Function
11.2.2 Inhibitory control
11.2.2.1 Cognitive flexibility
11.3 Hot Executive Function
11.4 Neurodevelopmental Theories of Executive Function
11.5 Conclusions and Future Directions
12 Rough-and-Tumble Play and the Development of the Social Brain: What Do We Know, How Do We Know It, and What Do We Need t...
12.2 The RTP of Rats and Its Lessons
12.3 Limitation 1: How Do We Know that RTP is the Critical Social Experience?
12.4 Limitation 2: Are All Rats the Same?
12.5 Limitation 3: Are All Measurements of Play Equally Informative?
Part IV Factors Influencing Development
13 Brain Plasticity and Experience
13.2 Assumptions and Biases
13.2.1 Behavioral states, including mind states, correspond to brain states
13.2.2 The structural properties of the brain are important in understanding its function
13.2.3 Plasticity is a property of the synapse
13.2.4 Behavioral plasticity results from the summation of plasticity of many neurons
13.2.5 Overall brain plasticity increases as the number of neurons increases
13.2.6 Experience-dependent changes in the brain tend to be focal
13.2.7 Experience-dependent changes interact
13.2.8 There are critical periods for some forms of plasticity
13.3 Types of Brain Plasticity
13.3.1 Experience-independent plasticity
13.3.2 Experience-expectant plasticity
13.3.3 Experience-dependent plasticity
13.3.4 Plasticity in the adolescent brain
13.4 Measuring Brain Plasticity
13.4.1 Behavioral analyses
13.4.2 Functional organization
13.4.4 Synaptic structure
13.4.5 Physiological changes
13.4.8 Molecular structure
13.5 Factors Influencing Plasticity in Development
13.5.2 Sensory and motor experience
13.5.3 Pre- and postnatal stress
13.5.4 Preconception parental experience
13.5.5 Parent–child relationships
13.5.7 Psychoactive drugs
13.6 Brain Plasticity After Early Brain Injury
13.6.2 Mechanisms of plasticity after early injury
13.6.3 Behavioral measurements
13.6.6 Unilateral versus bilateral injury
13.6.7 Metaplastic factors
13.6.7.1 Behavioral therapy
13.6.7.2 Chemical therapy
14 Hormones and Development
14.2 Genetic Factors Influencing Sexual Differentiation
14.2.1 Sex differences in gene expression
14.2.1.1 X-linked gene dosage
14.2.1.2 X-linked imprinting
14.2.1.3 Y-specific gene expression
14.2.2 Clinical populations
14.2.2.1 Triple X syndrome
14.2.2.3 Klinefelters syndrome
14.2.2.4 Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
14.2.2.5 Androgen insensitivity
14.3 Environmental Factors
14.3.3 Environmental contaminants
14.3.3.2 Polychlorinated biphenyls
14.4 Sex Differences in the Brain
14.4.1 Anatomical differences
14.4.1.1 Sex differences in brain maturation
14.4.2 Biological differences
14.4.2.1 Sex differences in HPA axis regulation
14.4.3 Differences in immunity
14.4.4 Sex differences in behavior
15.2 Normal Brain Development
15.4 Factors Contributing to Outcomes from EBI
15.5 Outcomes from EBI: The “Behavior” Dimension
15.5.1 Intellectual outcomes
15.5.2 Executive function & attention
15.5.3 Psychosocial outcomes
15.6 Outcomes from EBI: The “Brain” Dimension: Insights from Advanced Structural Neuroimaging
15.6.1 Understanding variability in outcome after EBI
15.6.2 Application of advanced structural imaging techniques to child TBI
15.6.3 Future directions in neuroimaging of child TBI
16 Social Dysfunction: The Effects of Early Trauma and Adversity on Socialization and Brain Development
16.3 Adverse Experiences During Childhood
16.3.1 Definitions of child maltreatment (Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, CDC)
16.3.1.1 Child abuse and neglect
16.3.2 Prevalence of child maltreatment
16.3.3 What predicts individual risk of child maltreatment?
16.3.4 Adverse childhood experiences
16.3.5 ACE score significance
16.3.6 The link between ACEs and health risk behaviors and adult disease
16.4 Adverse Experiences During Adolescence
16.4.1 Definition of youth violence
16.4.2 What predicts individual risk of youth violence?
16.5 Consequences of Adverse Experiences on Developing Brain Structure
16.5.1 Chemical mediators of maltreatment
16.6 Consequences of Adverse Experiences on Developing Brain Function (Neurocognition)
16.6.2 Attention and executive functions
16.7.1 What predicts risk to the family unit? (CDC)
16.7.2 Socioeconomic status
16.7.2.1 SES and children
16.7.2.3 SES and education
16.7.2.4 SES and early intervention
16.8.1 Definition of community
16.8.2 What predicts risk of trauma for communities?
16.9.1 What is resilience?
16.9.2 Are infants born resilient?
16.9.3 Resiliency scale, a metaphor (adapted from the Alberta Family Wellness Initiative)
16.9.4 Can you build resilience?
The Neurobiology of Brain and Behavioral Development
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