Chapter
2 Breast cancer epidemiology
3 Risk factors for breast cancer
3.1 Nongenetic, Nonmodifiable Risk Factors
3.1.3 Early Menarche/Late Menopause
3.1.4 Breast Characteristics
3.2 Nongenetic, Modifiable Risk Factors
3.2.1 Income, Education, and Insurance Status
3.2.2 Changing Reproductive Patterns
3.2.3 Menopausal Hormone Use
3.2.6 Fitness and Nutrition
3.3.1 BRCA1 and BRCA 2 Mutations
3.3.2 BRCA Mutation Screening
4 Breast cancer prevention
4.1 Lifestyle/Behavior Change Interventions
5 Breast cancer early detection and screening
5.2 Screening Benefits and Harms
5.3 Screening Recommendations
5.4 Breast Cancer Screening in Average Risk Women
5.5 Genetic Mutations, Breast Cancer Screening Tools, and Screening Methods in High-Risk Women
Chapter Two - Current Approaches to Diagnosis and Treatment of Ductal Carcinoma In Situ and Future Directions
1 Introduction and background
7 Histologic classification
8.4 Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy
9.2 Rationale for Considering Not Undergoing Adjuvant Radiation
10 Significance of biologic markers/molecular features-future directions in possible prognostic indicators
11 Breast cancer stem cells
Chapter Three - Pregnancy and Breast Cancer
2 Development of the Mammary Gland
4 Stages of Breast Cancer
5.2 Geographical Location
5.3 Personal and Family History
5.10 Hormone Replacement Therapy
5.11 Reproductive History
6 Early Full-Term Pregnancy and Breast Cancer
7 Potential Mechanisms of Early Full-Term Pregnancy-Induced Protection Against Breast Cancer
7.1 Altered Systemic Hormonal Environment and Hormone Responsiveness
7.2 Terminal Differentiation of the Breast
7.3 Effect of Early Full-Term Pregnancy on Mammary Stem Cells
Chapter Four - Association of Cytokines and Chemokines in Pathogenesis of Breast Cancer
2 Cytokines in breast cancer
2.1 Role of Interleukins in Promoting Breast Cancer
2.2 Transforming Growth Factorß and Breast Cancer
2.3 Contribution of Interferon in Breast Cancer
2.4 Tumor Necrosis Factor in Breast Cancer
3 Chemokines and breast cancer pathogenesis
3.1 CXC Chemokine/Receptor in Breast Cancer
3.1.1 CXCR4/CXCR7: CXCL12
3.2 CC Chemokine/Receptor in Breast Cancer Pathogenesis
3.3 Other Chemokines and Their Corresponding Receptors in Breast Cancer
Chapter Five - Cancer Stem Cells and Metastasis
2 The concept of cancer stem cells
3 Where and how are cancer stem cells involved in metastasis?
4 The process of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and its role in metastasis
5 Molecular basis of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition
6 The process of mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition and its role in metastasis
7 Molecular basis of mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition
8 Chemical factors influencing cancer cells in favor of metastasis
8.1 Chemokines in Metastasis
8.2 Cytokines in Metastasis
9 Physical forces influencing cancer cell metastasis
10 Role of the microenvironment in the process of metastasis
10.1 Tumor-Associated Macrophages
10.2 Tumor-Associated Fibroblasts
10.4 Tumor-Associated Adipocytes
10.5 Extracellular Matrix
10.6 Hypoxia/Reduced Oxygen Tension
11 Strategies to combat metastasis through CSCs and designing antimetastatic therapy
11.1 Nanomedicine-Based Therapy to Inhibit CSCs
11.2 Inhibition of Cancer Stem Cell-Dependent Signaling Pathways
11.3 Immunotherapy for CSCs
11.4 Differentiation Therapy for CSCs
11.5 Modulation of the Tumor Microenvironment to Suppress CSCs
Chapter Six - Therapeutic Use of Estrogen Receptor ß Agonists in Prevention and Treatment of Endocrine Therapy Resistant Breast Cancers: Observations From Preclinical Models
2 Estrogen receptors a and ß
3 Estrogen receptor ß in breast cancer
4 Estrogen receptor ß agonists in breast cancer
7 ERß agonists on transgenic mouse models of breast cancer
8 Conclusions and future perspectives
Chapter Seven - Experimental Therapy of Advanced Breast Cancer: Targeting NFAT1-MDM2-p53 Pathway
2 The MDM2 Oncogene in Breast Cancer
2.2 The MDM2-p53 Feedback Loop in Breast Cancer
2.3 p53-Independent Functions of MDM2 in Breast Cancer
2.4 Inhibiting MDM2 for Advanced Breast Cancer Therapy
3 NFAT1, an Oncogenic Transcription Factor in Breast Cancer
3.1 The NFAT, a Family of Transcription Factors
3.2 NFAT1 as an Oncogenic Transcription Factor in Breast Cancer
3.3 Inhibiting NFAT1 for Advanced Breast Cancer Therapy
4 Targeting NFAT1-MDM2-p53 Pathway for Advanced Breast Cancer Therapy
4.1 The NFAT1-MDM2-p53 Pathway
4.2 Representative Small-Molecule Inhibitors of NFAT1-MDM2-p53 Pathway
Chapter Eight - Microbiota and Breast Cancer
2 The estrabolome and breast cancer
3 Bacteria and breast cancer tissue
4 Intestinal bacteria and breast cancer
Chapter Nine - Complementary and Alternative Medicine and Breast Cancer
2 Types of Breast Cancer Treatment
3.1 Whole Medical Systems
3.1.1 Ayurvedic Medicine (Ayurveda)
3.1.2 Traditional Chinese Medicine
3.1.2.1 Chinese Herbal Medicine
3.2 Mind-Body Interventions
3.3 ``Biology´´-Based Practices
3.4 Manipulative and Body-Based Practices
4 Phytomedicine in Breast Cancer Prevention and Treatment
6 Advantages of CAM in Breast Cancer Patients
7 Disadvantages of CAM in Breast Cancer Patients
Approaches to Understanding Breast Cancer
( Volume 151 )
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