Chapter
Gendered Analysis of Sanctions
Samples and Methods of Research
Location of the Fieldwork
Area I - Madinat al-Thaura
Area II - Madinat al-'Adhamiya
Area III - Madinat Al-Mansur
2. Iraqi Women and the State: A Historical Review
Recasting the Nation-State in Iraw
Dynamics of Gender in the 1970s
Legislation Concerning Participation of Female Labour
Family Laws and Legislation
Dynamics of Gender in the 1980s
Legislation Concerning Participation of Female Labour (1980-5)
Dynamics of Gender in the Period 1986-90
Legislation Concerning Participation of Female Labour 1986-90
Female Labour Participation in Relation to Gender Dynamics
Characteristics of Female Labour Participation in the 1970s
Characteristics of Female Labour Participation 1980-5
Characteristics of Female Labour Participation 1986-8
Characteristics of Female Labour Participation 1988-90
3. Iraqi Women's Employment and Income under UN Sanctions
Iraqi Women's Employment Status: Statistical Review
Employment Status of the Surveyed Women
Employment Status through Economic Sectors & Geographic Location
Respondents' Occupational and Income Status in the Public Sector
Public Sector Employment: Loss of Opportunities and Incentives
Social Attitudes Towards Women's Work
Respondents' Occupational and Income Status in the Private Sector
Obstacles to Women's Work in the Private Sector
Private Employers' Attitudes
Respondents' Occupational and Income Status in Family Enterprises
Respondents' Attitudes towards Employment in Family Enterprises
Informal Economic Activities and Self-Employment
Definition of Informal Economic Activities
Informal Network Activities as the Primary Source of Income
Self-Employment as the Primary Source of Income
Self-Employment as a Secondary Source of Income
Respondents' Previous and Current Employment Status
First Group: Unemployed (previously employed) Respondents
Second Group: Unemployed (never employed) Respondents
4. The Crisis of Femal Education Under the UN Sanctions
Recasting the Development of Female Education in Iraq
The Education of Females: Statistical Aggregates
Female Enrolment in Primary Schools
Female Enrolment in Secondary Schools
Female Enrolment in Vocational Education
Female Enrolment in Higher Education
Female Enrolment in Postgraduate Education
Female Enrolment in Teacher-Training Institutes
Quality of Education under Sanctions: An Assessment
Destruction of Educational Establishments
Shortage of Material and Human Resources
Emergence of Private Education
Drop-Out and Failure Problems
Material Incentive of Female Education under Sanctions
Female Education: Continuity and Change
The Crisis in Education: A Crisis of Many Faces
The Turning POint and Change of Values
Fertility and Public Health
5. The Impact of Economic Sanctions on Gender Relations Inside the Family
The Second Case: Hanan and Rafab
The Iraqi Family in Tradition and Contemporary Contexts
The Iraqi Family under Sanctions
'Wanted: Rich Husband and Rich Wife!'
The Status of Widowed and Divorced Women
6. The Psychological Impact of Sanctions on Iraqi Women
Violence against Women: Definitions
Sanctions and Violence against Iraqi Women
Domestic Violence against Women
The Centralized Form of Violence against Women
Women's Domestic Responsibility
Food Supply Responsibilities
Permanent Stress and Fatigue
International Sanctions: The New World Order
Iraq: A Unique Target for Sanctions
The Sanctions on Iraq: The Political Failure
Iraq's Weapons of Mass Destruction: The Myth
Sanctions on Iraq: The Humanitarian Failure
Iraqi Women: The Gender Impact of Sanctions
Women in Post-Invasion Iraq
Is it Democracy or a Backward Move
Women in Iraq
：The Gender Impact of International Sanctions
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