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Health Benefits of Green Tea: An Evidence-based Approach

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Contents

Contributors

Foreword

Preface

1: Efficacy of Tea in Human Health

1.1 How the Physiological Effects Caused by Tea Drinking Attracted Humans

1.2 Strong Antioxidant Properties of Tea and its Relation to Disease Prevention

1.3 How Do Catechins Exert their Various Effects on Lifestyle-related Diseases?

1.4 “Onko-Chishin”–He that would know what shall be, must consider what has been

References

2: Characteristics of Japanese Green Tea

2.1 Origins of Tea Plants

2.2 History of Tea Consumption

2.3 Classification of Tea

2.4 Global Tea Cultivation

2.5 Japanese Green Tea

2.6 Cultivation of Japanese Green Tea

2.7 Kinds of Japanese Green Tea

2.8 Characteristics of Japanese Green Tea Contents

References

3: Research on Tea and Human Health in China and the Contribution to the Development of the Chinese Tea Industry

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Present Situation of the Development of the China Tea Industry

3.3 Investigation on Tea Dinking and Human Health in the Period of 2010–2015 in China

3.3.1 The antioxidative activity of different types of tea

3.3.2 Reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases

3.3.3 Prevention effect on various types of cancer

3.4 Constituents and Characters of Different Types of Tea and their Pharmacological Functions Based on the Viewpoint of Traditional Chinese Medicine

References

4: Studies by Japanese Scientists on the Health Effects of Green Tea

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Catechin Structures and ­Preparation

4.3 Contributions in Cancer Research

4.3.1 Epidemiological studies

4.3.2 Cellular and animal experiments on the anticancer effects of green tea

4.4 Contributions to Research of Other Diseases

4.4.1 Hyperlipidemia-related disorders

4.4.2 Dental diseases

4.4.3 Infectious and other diseases

4.5 Books Edited by Japanese Scientists

References

5: Health-related Studies of Tea in Africa

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Total Polyphenols

5.3 Anthocyanins

5.4 Total Theaflavins

5.5 Antimutagenic Properties

5.6 Future Work

5.7 Conclusion

References

6: Efficient Synthesis of Catechin Probe and its Molecular Dynamics

6.1 Development of the Method for the Construction of Catechins Structure

6.2 Concise Synthesis of Methylated EGCG and its Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Probes

References

7: Bioavailability and Biotransformation of Tea Polyphenols

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Tea Constituents and their Biochemical Properties

7.3 Biotransformation of Tea Polyphenols

7.4 Bioavailability of Tea Polyphenols

7.5 Microbial Factors that Influence Biotransformation of Tea Catechins

7.6 Concluding Remarks

7.6.1 The bioavailability and biotransformation of black tea polyphenols

7.6.2 The bioavailability of tea polyphenols and their metabolites in the brain

7.6.3 Results from long-term studies versus short-term studies

7.6.4 Correlation between biological activities of a tea preparation with tissue levels of tea constituents

Acknowledgements

References

8: Tea Catechins in Cancer Prevention and Therapy—Molecular Mechanism and Human Relevance

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Cancer Preventive Activity of Tea Catechins in Animal Models and Possible Mechanisms Involved

8.2.1 Inhibition of tumorigenesis in the digestive tract

8.2.2 Lung tumorigenesis

8.2.3 Prostate carcinogenesis

8.2.4 Epidemiological studies on tea consumption and cancer risk

8.2.5 Human intervention studies with tea

8.3 Biochemical Activities of Tea Catechins

8.3.1 Antioxidant and pro-oxidative activities in vitro and in vivo

8.3.2 High-affinity binding proteins as targets of EGCG

8.3.3 Inhibition of enzyme activities

8.4 Modulating Signaling Pathways and Cell Functions

8.4.1 Inhibition of receptor tyrosine kinases and other receptors

8.4.2 Effects on 67LR

8.4.3 Inhibition of Wnt signaling

8.4.4 Epigenetic mechanisms

Affecting epigenetic DNA methylation and histone modification

Effect on microRNA

8.4.5 Other mechanisms

Modulating p53-dependent events

Binding to lipids

Binding to nucleic acids

8.5 Applications of EGCG and Related Agents for Cancer Therapy: Potential and Challenges

8.6 Concluding Remarks

Acknowledgements

References

9: Green Tea Catechins for the Prevention of Colorectal Tumorigenesis: from Bench to Bed

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Effects of GTCs on the RTKs in CRC Cells

9.3 Effects of GTCs on the Inhibition of Inflammation- and Obesity-related Colorectal Tumorigenesis

9.4 Effects of GTCs on the Prevention of Colorectal Adenomas

9.5 Conclusion

References

10: Green Tea Polyphenol EGCG-sensing Receptor

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Identification of an EGCG-sensing Receptor

10.3 Anti-inflammatory and Anti-allergic Actions of EGCG through 67LR

10.4 EGCG Inhibits Cancer Cell Growth through 67LR

10.5 Cancer Cell Killing Activities of EGCG through 67LR

10.5.1 EGCG induces apoptotic cell death in cancer cells via cGMP induction and acid sphingomyelinase activation

10.5.2 EGCG induces receptor tyrosine kinase inhibition via ceramide production and lipid raft disruption on the cancer cell surface

10.6 EGCG Modulates MicroRNA Expression via 67LR

10.7 Potentiation of EGCG Activity by Modulation of the EGCG-sensing Pathways via 67LR

10.7.1 Inhibiting phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) potentiates EGCG’s chemopreventive activity

10.7.2 SET silencing potentiates the anti-melanoma activity of EGCG

10.7.3 The BRAF inhibitor in combination with EGCG potentiates anti-melanoma activity

10.7.4 Inhibiting sphingosine kinase 1 (SphK1) potentiates anticancer activity of EGCG

10.7.5 Food factors potentiate bioactivities of EGCG by modulating EGCG-sensing pathways

10.8 Conclusions

References

11: Clinical Trials and New Drug Development

11.1 Introduction

11.2 What and Why Tea Catechins

11.3 Chemistry and Natural History of Tea Catechins

11.4 Purification of Catechins

11.5 Development of Polyphenon® E as a Chemopreventive Formula

11.6 Botanical Drug

11.7 Condyloma Ointment Project—an FDA-approved Botanical Drug

11.8 Prostate Cancer Prevention

11.9 Cancer Treatment by Combined Agents and Other Clinical Programs

References

12: Preventive Effects of Green Tea and its Components on Obesity

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Experimental Studies of Green Tea Anti-obesity Effects

12.3 Anti-obesity Action of Green Tea Components

12.4 Inhibition Mechanism of Fat Accumulation in Liver by Green Tea Components

12.5 Effects of Green Tea Components on Lipid Metabolism in Adipocytes

12.6 Anti-obesity Action of Green Tea Component Ingestion and Physical Exercise Combined

12.7 Inhibitory Effects of Other Teas on Fat Accumulation

12.7.1 Oolong tea

12.7.2 Pu-erh tea

12.7.3 Black tea

References

13: Effects of Tea Galloyl Catechins on the Reduction of Body Fat

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Tea Galloyl Catechins

13.3 Effects of Galloyl Catechins in Reducing Body Fat in Intervention Studies

13.4 Suppressive Effects of Galloyl Catechins on Postprandial Blood Triacylglycerol Levels in Intervention Studies

13.5 Suppressive Effects of Galloyl Catechins on Hypertriacylglycerolemia

13.6 Mechanisms of Tea Catechins in Reducing Body Fat

Acknowledgement

References

14: Protective Effects of Green Tea Catechins on Cardio- and Cerebral Vascular Diseases

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Antiatherogenic Effects in Humans and apoE-KO Mice

14.2.1 Ex vivo antioxidative effects on LDL in humans (Miura et al ., 2000)

14.2.2 In vivo antiatherogenic effects in apoE-KO mice (Miura et al ., 2001)

14.3 Prevention of Onset of Spontaneous Stroke in M-SHRSP Rats, and Protection of Cerebral Ischemic Damage

14.3.1 Preventive effects of onset of spontaneous stroke in M-SHRSP rats (Ikeda et al ., 2007)

14.3.2 Ameliorative effects on stroke in transient MCAO rats (Suzuki et al ., 2004)

14.4 Discussion

References

15: Anti-obesity Effects of Green Tea Catechins

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Anti-obesity Effects of Tea Catechins

15.3 Mechanisms Underlying the Anti-obesity Effects of Tea Catechins

References

16: Antidiabetic Effects

16.1 Pathology of Diabetes Mellitus

16.2 Experiments in Cultured Cells and Animals

16.3 Epidemiological Studies

16.4 Intervention Studies

References

17: Impact of Green Tea Catechins on Multidrug-resistant Bacterial Pathogens

17.1 Introduction

17.2 Modulation of β-Lactam ­Resistance and Other Properties of MRSA by Catechin Gallates

17.3 Interactions of ECG and MRSA Cells

17.4 Abrogation of Resistance of MRSA to β-Lactam Antibiotics

17.5 A Role for Catechin Gallates in the Treatment of MRSA Infections?

Acknowledgments

References

18: Effects of Green Tea on Influenza Infection and the Common Cold

18.1 Introduction

18.2 Experimental Evidence for the Effects of Tea Components on Influenza and Cold Viruses

18.3 Clinical Effects of Green Tea on Influenza and/or the Common Cold

18.4 Conclusions

References

19: Immune Regulatory Effect of Green Tea

19.1 Introduction

19.2 Anti-allergic Ingredients of Green Tea

19.3 Action Mechanism of O-methylated EGCG

19.4 Intervention Studies on Anti-allergic Action

19.5 Action of Other Tea Ingredients

19.6 Immunostimulating Effect

References

20: Protective Effects of Catechins on Hepatitis and Liver Fibrosis

20.1 Introduction

20.2 Effects of Green Tea in Animal Models of Hepatitis

20.3 Removing the Effects of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) with Green Tea

20.4 Effects of Green Tea against Viral Hepatitis

20.5 Effects of Green Tea Components against Fatty Liver Disease

20.6 Epidemiological Studies of Green Tea Ingestion in Hepatic Disorders

20.7 Clinical Trials

20.8 Hepatotoxicity from Excessive Ingestion of Green Tea Components

References

21: Effects of Green Tea Catechins on Aging and Dementia

21.1 Introduction

21.2 Senescence and Oxidative Stress

21.3 Brain Senescence

21.4 Aging Model Mouse and ROS

21.5 Green Tea Catechins

21.6 Anti-senescence Effect of Green Tea

21.7 Prevention of Brain Senescence from Middle Age

21.8 Healthy Life Expectancy and Dementia

21.9 Effect of Green Tea Catechin on AD

21.10 Conclusions

References

22: Green Tea in the Protection against Neurodegeneration

22.1 Green Tea and Brain Function

22.2 Tea Polyphenols (Catechins)

22.3 Caffeine

22.4 Theanine (γ-Glutamylethyl Amide)

22.5 Concluding Remarks

References

23: Effects of High-molecular-weight Polyphenol (Mitochondria Activation Factor) Derived from Black Tea and Oolong Tea on Mitochondria Function

23.1 Introduction

23.2 Properties of MAF

23.3 Effects of MAFs on Mitochondrial Membrane Potential

23.4 MAF Stimulates Exercise Training-induced Improvement of Endurance Capacity in Mouse

23.5 MAF Increases the Motility of Sea Urchin Sperm by Activating Mitochondrial Respiration

23.6 MAF Prevents Fatty Liver in a Type 2 Diabetes Mouse Model

23.7 Conclusion

References

24: Effects of Theanine and Other Ingredients of Tea on Stress and Aging

24.1 Introduction

24.2 Confrontational Housing for Short-term Stress Experiments

24.3 Suppression of Adrenal Hypertrophy by Theanine in Confrontational-housing Mice

24.4 Effect of Long-term Psychosocial Stress on Lifespan, Cerebral Atrophy, and Learning Ability

24.5 Anti-stress Effect of Theanine on Humans

24.6 Anti-stress Effects of Green Tea on a Mouse Model of Psychosocial Stress

24.7 Relationships Among Tea Components

24.8 Conclusion

References

25: Green Tea and Oral Health

25.1 Introduction

25.2 Beneficial Properties of Green Tea in Various Oral Conditions

25.2.1 Periodontal diseases

25.2.2 Dental caries

25.2.3 Oral cancer and potentially malignant disorders

25.2.4 Oral mucosal and salivary gland disorders

References

26: Radioprotective Effects of Green Tea

26.1 Introduction

26.2 Radioactive Materials

26.3 Radiation Damage

26.4 Radioprotective Effects of Green Tea Catechins

26.5 Radioprotective Effects of Other Components of Green Tea

26.6 Conclusion

References

27: Effects of Catechins on Intestinal Flora

27.1 Effects of Tea Catechins on Intestinal Bacteria

27.2 Effects of Tea Catechins on Intestinal Flora of Pigs

27.3 Effects of Tea Catechins on Intestinal Flora of Chickens

27.4 Marked Improvement of Intestinal Conditions and Reduction of Fecal Odor of Elderly People

27.5 Bowel Movements of Humans

27.6 A Short Complementary Remark

References

Index

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