Chapter
Chapter 2 Origins of Laser‐Induced Transfer Processes
2.2 Early Work in Laser‐Induced Transfer
2.3 Overview of Laser‐Induced Forward Transfer
2.3.1 Transferring Metals and Other Materials with Laser‐Induced Forward Transfer (LIFT)
2.3.2 Limitations of the Basic LIFT Technique
2.3.3 The Role of the Donor Substrate
2.3.4 Use of a Dynamic Release Layer (DRL)‐LIFT
2.3.5 LIFT with Ultrashort Laser Pulses
2.4 Other Laser‐Based Transfer Techniques Inspired by LIFT
2.4.1 Matrix‐Assisted Pulsed Laser Evaporation‐Direct Write (MAPLE‐DW) Technique
2.4.2 LIFT of Composite Matrix‐Based Materials
2.4.3 Hydrogen‐Assisted LIFT
2.4.5 Laser Molecular Implantation
2.4.6 Laser‐Induced Thermal Imaging
2.5 Other Studies on LIFT
Chapter 3 LIFT Using a Dynamic Release Layer
3.2 Absorbing Release Layer – Triazene Polymer
3.3 Front‐ and Backside Ablation of the Triazene Polymer
3.4 Examples of Materials Transferred by TP‐LIFT
3.5 First Demonstration of Devices: OLEDs and Sensors
3.5.1 Organic Light Emitting Diode (OLEDs)
3.6 Variation of the DRL Approach: Reactive LIFT
3.7 Conclusions and Perspectives
Chapter 4 Laser‐Induced Forward Transfer of Fluids
4.1 Introduction to the LIFT of Fluids
4.1.2 Principle of Operation
4.2 Mechanisms of Fluid Ejection and Deposition
4.3 Printing Droplets through LIFT
4.3.1 Role of the Laser Parameters
4.3.2 Role of the Fluid Properties
4.4 Printing Lines and Patterns with LIFT
Chapter 5 Advances in Blister‐Actuated Laser‐Induced Forward Transfer (BA‐LIFT)
5.4.1 Dynamics of Blister Formation
5.4.2 Finite Element Modeling of Blister Formation
5.5 Jet Formation and Expansion
5.5.1 Computational Fluid Dynamics Model
5.5.2 Effect of the Laser Energy
5.5.3 Effect of the Ink Film Properties
5.6 Application to the Transfer of Delicate Materials
Chapter 6 Film‐Free LIFT (FF‐LIFT)
6.2 Rheological Considerations in Traditional LIFT of Liquids
6.2.1 The Challenges behind the Preparation of a Thin Liquid Film
6.2.1.1 The Role of Spontaneous Instabilities
6.2.1.2 The Role of External Instabilities
6.2.2 Technologies for Thin‐Film Preparation
6.2.3 Wetting of the Receiver Substrate
6.3 Fundamentals of Film‐Free LIFT
6.3.1 Cavitation‐Induced Phenomena for Printing
6.3.2 Jet Formation in Film‐Free LIFT
6.3.3 Differences with LIFT of Liquids
6.4 Implementation and Optical Considerations
6.4.2 Forward (Inverted) versus Backward (Upright) Systems
6.4.3 Spherical Aberration and Chromatic Dispersion
6.5.1 Film‐Free LIFT for Printing Biomaterials
6.5.2 Film‐Free LIFT for Micro‐Optical Element Fabrication
6.6 Conclusions and Future Outlook
Part II The Role of the Laser–Material Interaction in LIFT
Chapter 7 Laser‐Induced Forward Transfer of Metals
7.1 Introduction, Background, and Overview
7.2 Modeling, Simulation, and Experimental Studies of the Transfer Process
7.2.1 Thermal Processes: Film Heating, Removal, Transfer, and Deposition
7.2.2.1 Laser Fluence and Film Thickness
7.2.2.2 Donor‐Film Gap Spacing
7.2.3 Droplet‐Mode Deposition
7.2.4 Characterization of Deposited Structures: Adhesion, Composition, and Electrical Resistivity
7.3 Advanced Modeling of LIFT
7.4 Research Needs and Future Directions
Chapter 8 LIFT of Solid Films (Ceramics and Polymers)
8.2 Assisted Release Processes
8.2.1 Optimization of LIFT Transfer of Ceramics via Laser Pulse Interference
8.2.1.1 Standing‐Wave Interference from Multiple Layers
8.2.1.2 Ballistic Laser‐Assisted Solid Transfer (BLAST)
8.2.2 LIFT Printing of Premachined Ceramic Microdisks
8.2.3 Spatial Beam Shaping for Patterned LIFT of Polymer Films
8.3 Shadowgraphy Studies and Assisted Capture
8.3.1 Shadowgraphic Studies of the Transfer of Ceramic Thin Films
8.3.2 Application of Polymers as Compliant Receivers
8.4 Applications in Energy Harvesting
8.4.1 LIFT of Chalcogenide Thin Films
8.4.2 Fabrication of a Thermoelectric Generator on a Polymer‐Coated Substrate
8.5 Laser‐Induced Backward Transfer (LIBT) of Nanoimprinted Polymer
8.5.1 Unstructured Carrier Substrate
8.5.2 Structured Carrier Substrate
Chapter 9 Laser‐Induced Forward Transfer of Soft Materials
9.3 Jetting Dynamics during Laser Printing of Soft Materials
9.3.1 Jet Formation Dynamics during Laser Printing of Newtonian Glycerol Solutions
9.3.1.1 Typical Jetting Regimes
9.3.1.2 Jetting Regime as Function of Fluid Properties and Laser Fluence
9.3.1.3 Jettability Phase Diagram
9.3.2 Jet Formation Dynamics during Laser Printing of Viscoelastic Alginate Solutions
9.3.2.1 Ink Coating Preparation and Design of Experiments
9.3.2.2 Typical Jetting Regimes
9.3.2.3 General Observation of the Jetting Dynamics
9.3.2.4 Effects of Laser Fluence on Jetting Dynamics
9.3.2.5 Effects of Alginate Concentration on Jetting Dynamics
9.3.2.6 Jettability Phase Diagram
9.4 Laser Printing Applications Using Optimized Printing Conditions
9.5 Conclusions and Future Work
Chapter 10 Congruent LIFT with High‐Viscosity Nanopastes
10.2 Congruent LIFT (or LDT)
10.4 Achieving Congruent Laser Transfers
10.5 Issues and Challenges
Chapter 11 Laser Printing of Nanoparticles
11.1 Introduction, Setup, and Motivation
11.2 Laser‐Induced Transfer
11.3 Materials for Laser Printing of Nanoparticles
11.4 Laser Printing from Bulk‐Silicon and Silicon Films
11.5 Magnetic Resonances of Silicon Particles
11.6 Laser Printing from Prestructured Films
11.7 Applications: Sensing, Metasurfaces, and Additive Manufacturing
Chapter 12 Laser Printing of Electronic Materials
12.1 Introduction and Context
12.2 Organic Thin‐Film Transistor
12.2.1 Operation and Characteristics of OTFTs
12.2.2 Laser Printing of the Semiconductor Layer
12.2.3 Laser Printing of Dielectric Layers
12.2.4 Laser Printing of Conducting Layers
12.2.5 Single‐Step Printing of Full OTFT Device
12.3 Organic Light‐Emitting Diode
12.5 Interconnection and Heterogeneous Integration
Chapter 13 Laser Printing of Chemical and Biological Sensors
13.2 Conventional Printing Methods for the Fabrication of Chemical and Biological Sensors
13.2.1 Contact Printing Methods
13.2.1.1 Pin Printing Approach
13.2.1.2 Microcontact Printing (or Microstamping) Technique
13.2.1.3 Nanotip Printing
13.2.2 Noncontact Printing Methods
13.2.2.1 Photochemistry‐Based Printing
13.2.2.2 Inkjet Printing Technique
13.2.2.3 Electrospray Deposition (ESD)
13.3 Laser‐Based Printing Techniques: Introduction
13.3.1 Laser‐Induced Forward Transfer
13.3.2 LIFT of Liquid Films
13.4 Applications of Direct Laser Printing
13.4.1.2 Printing of Biological Materials for Biosensors
Chapter 14 Laser Printing of Proteins and Biomaterials
14.2 LIFT of DNA in Solid and Liquid Phase
14.3 LIFT of Biomolecules
14.3.1 Streptavidin and Avidin–Biotin Complex
14.3.3 Odorant‐Binding Proteins
14.4 Conclusions and Perspectives
Chapter 15 Laser‐Assisted Bioprinting of Cells for Tissue Engineering
15.1 Laser‐Assisted Bioprinting of Cells
15.1.1 The History of Cell Bioprinting and Advantages of Laser‐Assisted Bioprinting for Tissue Engineering
15.1.2 Technical Specifications of Laser‐Assisted Bioprinting of Cells
15.1.3 Effect of Laser Process and Printing Parameters on Cell Behavior
15.2 Laser‐Assisted Bioprinting for Cell Biology Studies
15.2.1 Study of Cell–Cell and Cell–Microenvironment Interactions
15.3 Laser‐Assisted Bioprinting for Tissue‐Engineering Applications
Chapter 16 Industrial, Large‐Area, and High‐Throughput LIFT/LIBT Digital Printing
16.1.1 State of the Art in Digital Printing
16.1.2 History of Lasersonic® LIFT
16.2 Potential Markets and their Technical Demands on Lasersonic® LIFT
16.2.1 Digital Printing Market Expectations and Challenges
16.2.2 Demands on a LIFT/LIBT Printing Unit for Special Printing Markets
16.3 Lasersonic® LIFT/LIBT Printing Method
16.3.1 LIFT for Absorbing and LIBT for Transparent Inks
16.4 Optical Concept and Pulse Control of the Lasersonic® Printing Machine
16.4.1 Ultrafast Pulse Modulation at High Power Level
16.4.4 Ultrafast Scan of the Laser Beam
16.5 The Four‐Color Lasersonic® Printing Machine
16.5.1 Large‐Area, High‐Throughput LIFT/LIBT Inline R2R Printing System
16.5.2 Printing Heads for Absorptive (Black) and for Transparent (Colored) Inks
16.5.4 Synthetic Approaches to the Absorption Layer of the LIBT Donor Surface
16.6 Print Experiments and Results
16.7 Discussion of Effects
16.7.1 LIFT Process with Continuous‐Wave Laser Source and Fast Modulation
16.7.2 Special Test Pattern to Study the Transfer Behavior at High Pixel Rate
Chapter 17 LIFT of 3D Metal Structures
17.2 Basic Aspects of LIFT of Metals for 3D Structures
17.2.1 Ejection Regimes of Pure Metal Picosecond LIFT
17.2.1.1 Velocity of the Ejected Donor Material
17.2.1.2 Origin of Fragments in Cap‐Ejection Regime
17.2.2 Droplet Impact and Solidification
17.3 Properties of LIFT‐Printed Freestanding Metal Pillars
17.3.2 Metallurgical Microstructure
17.3.3 Mechanical Properties
17.3.4 Electrical Properties
17.4 Demonstrators and Potential Applications
17.5 Conclusions and Outlook
Chapter 18 Laser Transfer of Entire Structures and Functional Devices
18.2 Early Demonstrations of LIFT of Entire Structures
18.4 Laser Transfer of Intact Structures
18.4.1 Laser Transfer of Metal Foils for Electrical Interconnects
18.5 Laser Transfer of Components for Embedded Electronics
Laser Printing of Functional Materials
：3D Microfabrication, Electronics and Biomedicine
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