Volume 1

Title Page

Copyright

Contents

Notes on Contributors to Volume 1

Preface

Introduction

The Wiley Handbook of Psychometric Testing

Part 1 Practical Foundations

Chapter 1 Test Development

Construct Definition, Specification of Test Need, and Structure

Overall Planning

Item Development

Scale Construction

Reliability

Validation

Test Scoring and Norming

Test Specification

Implementation and Testing

Technical Manual

References

Code Appendix

Chapter 2 Classical Test Theory and Item Response Theory

CTT

Strong True-Score Theory

Generalizability Theory

IRT

Chapter Summary

References

Code Appendix

Chapter 3 Item Generation

The Nature of Item Generation

Research Basis for Automatic Item Generation

Stages of Research

Summary and Conclusions

References

Chapter 4 Survey Sampling and Propensity Score Matching

Overview

Survey Terminologies

Probability Sampling Designs

Survey Weights

Propensity Score Matching

References

Chapter 5 Sample Size Planning for Confirmatory Factor Models: Power and Accuracy for Effects of Interest

Introduction

Effect Size

Conclusion

References

Code Appendix

Chapter 6 Missing Data Handling Methods

Missing Data Mechanisms

Illustrative Computer Simulation

Older Missing Data Handling Methods

Maximum Likelihood Estimation

Multiple Imputation

An Inclusive Missing Data Handling Strategy

Direct Estimation Versus Imputation

Data Analysis Examples

Planned Missing Data Designs

Power in Planned Missing Data Designs

Summary

References

Code Appendix

Chapter 7 Causal Indicators in Psychometrics

Introduction

Defining ``Causal Indicators´´

Determining when Indicators Should be Viewed as Causal Indicators

Developing Scales with Causal Indicators

Using Causal Indicators in Research

Summary

References

Code Appendix

Part 2 Identifying and Analyzing Scales

Chapter 8 Fundamentals of Common Factor Analysis

Exploratory Factor Analysis

Multiple Factors of the Intellect

Personality

Multiple Factor Analysis

Illustration of An Exploratory Common Factor Analysis

Confirmatory Factor Analysis

Some Remaining Problems.

References

Chapter 9 Estimation Methods in Latent Variable Models for Categorical Outcome Variables

Introduction

Latent Variable Models for Categorical Responses

Estimation of the Latent Variable Model with Categorical Items

Applications

Conclusions

References

Chapter 10 Rotation

Introduction

Exploratory Factor Analysis

Dealing with the Rotation Problem

Graphical Methods

Analytic Methods

Analytic Oblique Rotation Algorithms

Choosing a Rotation Method

Standard Errors for Rotated Loadings

Some Examples Using Real Data

Discussion

References

Chapter 11 The Number of Factors Problem

Introduction

Categorizing Criteria to Indicate the Number of Factors

The Meaning of Dimensionality

Dimensionality Assessment Methods

Kaiser Criterion

Minimum Average Partial (MAP)

Model Selection Methods in SEM: CFM as a Special Case of SEM

Assessment of the Number of Factors in Empirical Practice

Concluding Remark

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 12 Bifactor Models in Psychometric Test Development

Bifactor Models in Psychometric Test Development

Confirmatory Bifactor Models

Exploratory Bifactor Model Analysis

Applications of Bifactor Models

Conclusions

References

Chapter 13 Nonnormality in Latent Trait Modelling

The Factor Model and Existing Approaches to Test for Sources of Nonnormality

A Unified Approach to Test for Nonnormality

Examples

Discussion

Acknowledgments

References

Code Appendix

Chapter 14 Multidimensional Scaling: An Introduction

Introduction

Multidimensional Scaling: A General Formulation

Metric Multidimensional Scaling

Interpretation Strategies for Multidimensional Scaling

A Variety of Multidimensional Scaling Models

Software for Multidimensional Scaling

Conclusion

References

Chapter 15 Unidimensional Item Response Theory

Item Response Theory

Concluding Remarks

References

Volume 2

Title Page

Copyright

Contents

Notes on Contributors to Volume 2

Preface

Introduction

The Wiley Handbook of Psychometric Testing

Part II Identifying and Analyzing Scales (cont.)

Chapter 16 Multidimensional Item Response Theory

Multidimensional Item Response Theory

MIRTModels

MIRTis Item Factor Analysis

Parameter Estimation

Goodness of Fit

An Example, Using Data from the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire

Conclusion and Future Directions

References

Code Appendix

Chapter 17 Bayesian Psychometric Scaling

Introduction

Bayesian Methods

Bayesian Item Response Models Using Latent Variables

Posterior-Based Measurement of Student Proficiency

Multistage Sampling Design: Clustering Students

Bayesian Scale Construction

Discussion

References

Chapter 18 Modelling Forced-Choice Response Formats

What are Forced-Choice Response Formats?

The Advantages of Presenting Questionnaire Items Using the Forced-Choice Format

Scaling of Forced-Choice Responses

Data Analysis Example with the Forced-Choice Five Factor Markers

Recommendations for Creating Effective Forced-Choice Assessments

Directions for Future Research and Concluding Remarks

References

Code Appendix

Part 3 Scale Scoring

Chapter 19 Scores, Scales, and Score Linking

Prerequisites

Scores

Scale Definition

Data Collection Designs

Procedures and Practices for Equating Scores

Score Linking: Prediction, Scale Aligning, Score Equating

Closing Comment

References

Chapter 20 Item Response Theory Approaches to Test Scoring and Evaluating the Score Accuracy

The Multidimensional Item Response Model

Latent Trait Estimation

Standard Error of Measurement, Test Information, and Reliability

Applying IRT Scoring Methods and Estimating Measurement Accuracy in Practice

Scoring Under the Unidimensional IRT Model

Scoring Under the Multidimensional IRT ``Correlated Traits´´ Model

Scoring Under the Multidimensional IRT Bifactor Model

Which Measurement Model to Choose?

Acknowledgments

References

Appendix A: Computation of EAP Scores and Their Standard Errors

Appendix B: Experience of Service Questionnaire (Parent Version)

Appendix C: IIF for a Bifactor Model

Code Appendix

Chapter 21 IRT Linking and Equating

Introduction

IRT Linking

IRT Equating

Multidimensional IRT Equating

Summary

Acknowledgments

References

Code Appendix

Part 4 Evaluating Scales

Chapter 22 Bifactor Modelling and the Evaluation of Scale Scores

Real Data Example

Exploring Departures from Unidimensionality

What is a Bifactor Model and How is it Useful?

Model-Based Reliability and the Bifactor Model

A Bifactor Model Alternative to Alpha

Unit-Weighted Scoring in the Presence of Multidimensionality

Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) and Bifactor Models

Discussion

Conclusion: Assessing Hierarchical Trait Constructs

References

Code Appendix

Chapter 23 Reliability

Introduction

Using Reliability

True Score Theory

Reliability Over What?

Internal consistency estimates of reliability

KR-20, λ3, and α as indicators of internal consistency

Standard error of alpha

Reliability and item analysis

Domain sampling theory and structural measures of reliability

Other approaches

Conclusion

References

Appendix

Chapter 24 Psychometric Validity: Establishing the Accuracy and Appropriateness of Psychometric Measures

Why Do We Need Validity?

The Evolving Notion of Validity

Evolving Notion of Validity: Consensus, What Consensus?

Evolving Notion of Validity: A Way Forward?

Establishing the Accuracy and Appropriateness of Psychometric Measures

Conclusion

References

Chapter 25 Multitrait-Multimethod-Analysis: The Psychometric Foundation of CFA-MTMM Models

Introduction to the ``Classical´´ MTMM Analysis

The Psychometric Foundation of CFA-MTMM Models

Applications of MTMM Models for Structurally Different Raters

Discussion

References

Code Appendix

Part 5 Modelling Groups

Chapter 26 Factorial Invariance Across Multiple Populations in Discrete and Continuous Data

The Factor Model for Continuous Measures

The Factor Model for Discrete Measures

Discussion

Acknowledgments

References

Code Appendix

Chapter 27 Differential Item and Test Functioning

The IRT Approach to the Study of Measurement Equivalence

The CFA Approach to the Study of Measurement Equivalence

Empirical Example of IRT and CFA DIF Analyses

Example of IRT and CFA Effect Sizes

Discussion

References

Part 6 Applications

Chapter 28 Psychometric Methods in Political Science

Introduction

The Basic Space Theory

Preferential Data

Perceptual Data

Concluding Thoughts

References

Code Appendix

Chapter 29 How Factor Analysis Has Shaped Personality Trait Psychology

Introduction

The Five-Factor Model

The Tools-to-Theories Heuristic

FFM as an Example of Tools-to-Theories

Five-Factor Theory (FFT)

Interplay Between Tools, Theories, and Data in Personality Trait Psychology

Summary

References

Chapter 30 Network Psychometrics

Introduction

Notation

Markov Random Fields

Parameterizing Markov random fields

The Ising model

The Ising Model in Psychometrics

The relation between the Ising model and item response theory

Estimating the Ising Model

Example analysis

The Interpretation of Latent Variables in Psychometric Models

Discussion

References

Index

EULA