Chapter
1.9 Designing Photocatalysts: [Ru(bpy)3]2+ as a Starting Point
Chapter 2 Visible-Light-Mediated Free Radical Synthesis
2.2 Basics of the Photocatalytic Cycle
2.3 Generation of Radicals
2.3.1 Formation of C-Centered Radicals
2.3.1.1 Dehalogenation (I, Br, Cl)
2.3.1.2 Other C-Heteroatom Cleavage
2.3.1.3 C-C Bond Cleavage
2.3.2 Formation of N-Centered Radicals
2.5.1 Formation and Reactivity of Aryl Radicals
2.5.2 Formation and Reactivity of Trifluoromethyl and Related Radicals
2.5.2.1 Photocatalyzed Reduction of Perfluorohalogen Derivatives
2.5.2.2 Photocatalyzed Reduction of Perfluoroalkyl-Substituted Onium Salts
2.5.2.3 Photocatalyzed Formation of Perfluoroalkyl Radicals from Sulfonyl and Sulfinyl Derivatives
2.5.3 Formation and Reactivity of Alkyl and Related Radicals
2.5.3.1 C-C Bond Formation Through Photocatalyzed Reduction of Halogen Derivatives and Analogs
2.5.3.2 C-C Bond Formation Through Photocatalyzed Oxidation of Electron-Rich Functional Group
2.5.3.3 C-C Bond Formation Through Photocatalyzed Oxidation of Amino Group
2.6 Radical Cascade Applications
2.6.1 Intramolecular Polycyclization Processes
2.6.2 Sequential Inter- and Intramolecular Processes
2.6.3 Sequential Radical and Polar Processes
Chapter 3 Atom Transfer Radical Addition using Photoredox Catalysis
3.2 Transition Metal-Catalyzed ATRA
3.2.1 Ruthenium- and Iridium-Based ATRA
3.2.1.1 Mechanistic Investigations
3.2.1.2 Ruthenium- and Iridium-Based ATRA
3.2.2 Copper-Mediated ATRA
3.2.2.1 Trifluoromethylation
3.3 Other Photocatalysts for ATRA Transformations
3.5 Atom Transfer Radical Cyclization (ATRC)
3.6 Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (ATRP)
Chapter 4 Visible Light Mediated 𝛂-Amino C-H Functionalization Reactions
4.2 Visible Light Mediated 𝛂-Amino C-H Functionalization Via Iminium Ions
4.2.4 Friedel–Crafts Reaction
4.2.5 Alkynylation Reaction
4.2.6 Phosphonation Reaction
4.2.7 Addition of 1,3-Dicarbonyls
4.2.8 Formation of C-N and C-O Bonds
4.3 Visible Light Mediated a-Amino C-H Functionalization Via a-Amino Radicals
4.3.1 Addition to Electron-Deficient Aromatics
4.3.2 Addition to Electron-Deficient Alkenes
4.4 Conclusions and Perspectives
Chapter 5 Visible Light Mediated Cycloaddition Reactions
5.2 [2+2] Cycloadditions: Formation of Four-Membered Rings
5.2.1 Introduction to [2+2] Cycloadditions
5.2.2 Utilization of the Reductive Quenching Cycle
5.2.3 Utilization of the Oxidative Quenching Cycle
5.2.4 Utilization of Energy Transfer
5.3 [3+2] Cycloadditions: Formation of Five-Membered Rings
5.3.1 Introduction to [3+2] Cycloadditions
5.3.2 [3+2] Cycloaddition of Cyclopropylamines
5.3.3 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition of Azomethine Ylides
5.3.4 [3+2] Cycloaddition of Aryl Cyclopropyl Ketones
5.3.5 [3+2] Cycloaddition via ATRA/ATRC
5.4 [4+2] Cycloadditions: Formation of Six-Membered Rings
5.4.1 Introduction to [4+2] Cycloadditions
5.4.2 [4+2] Cycloadditions Using Radical Anions
5.4.3 [4+2] Cycloadditions Using Radical Cations
Chapter 6 Metal-Free Photo(redox) Catalysis
6.1.2 Classes of Organic Photocatalysts
6.2 Applications of Organic Photocatalysts
6.2.1 Energy Transfer Reactions
6.2.2 Reductive Quenching of the Catalyst
6.2.2.3 Cationic Dyes: Pyrylium, Quinolinium, and Acridinium Scaffolds
6.2.2.4 Xanthene Dyes and Further Aromatic Scaffolds
6.2.3 Oxidative Quenching of the Catalyst
6.2.4.2 Consecutive Photoelectron Transfer
6.3 Conclusion and Outlook
Chapter 7 Visible Light and Copper Complexes: A Promising Match in Photoredox Catalysis
7.2 Photophysical Properties of Copper Catalysts
7.3 Application of Copper Based Photocatalysts in Organic Synthesis
Chapter 8 Arene Functionalization by Visible Light Photoredox Catalysis
8.1.1 Aryl Diazonium Salts
8.1.2 Diaryl Iodonium Salts
8.1.3 Triaryl Sulfonium Salts
8.1.4 Aryl Sulfonyl Chlorides
8.2 Applications of Aryl Diazonium Salts
8.3 Photoinduced Ullmann C-N Coupling
Chapter 9 Visible-Light Photocatalysis in the Synthesis of Natural Products
Chapter 10 Dual Photoredox Catalysis: The Merger of Photoredox Catalysis with Other Catalytic Activation Modes
10.2 Merger of Photoredox Catalysis with Organocatalysis
10.3 Merger of Photoredox Catalysis with Acid Catalysis
10.3.1 Photoredox Catalysis and Brønsted Acid Catalysis
10.3.2 Photoredox Catalysis and Lewis Acid Catalysis
10.4 Merger of Photoredox Catalysis with Transition Metal Catalysis
Chapter 11 Enantioselective Photocatalysis
11.2 The Twentieth Century: Pioneering Work
11.3 The Twenty-First Century: Contemporary Developments
11.3.1 Large-Molecule Chiral Hosts
11.3.2 Small-Molecule Chiral Photosensitizers
11.3.3 Lewis Acid-Mediated Photoreactions
11.4 Conclusions and Outlook
Chapter 12 Photomediated Controlled Polymerizations
12.1 Catalyst Activation by Light
12.1.1 Cu-Catalyzed Photoregulated Atom Transfer Radical Polymerizations (photoATRP)
12.1.2 Photomediated ATRP with Non-Copper-Based Catalyst Systems
12.1.3 Iodine-Mediated Photopolymerizations
12.1.4 Metal-Free Photomediated Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization
12.1.5 Photoregulated Reversible-Addition Fragmentation Chain Transfer Polymerizations (photoRAFT)
12.2 Chain-End Activation by Light
Chapter 13 Accelerating Visible-Light Photoredox Catalysis in Continuous-Flow Reactors
13.2 Homogeneous Photocatalysis in Single-Phase Flow
13.3 Gas–liquid Photocatalysis in Flow
13.4 Heterogeneous Photocatalysis in Flow
Chapter 14 The Application of Visible-Light-Mediated Reactions to the Synthesis of Pharmaceutical Compounds
14.2 Asymmetric Benzylation
14.3 Amide Bond Formation
14.5 Visible-Light-Mediated Benzothiophene Synthesis
14.6 a-Amino Radical Functionalization
14.7 Visible-Light-Mediated Radical Smiles Rearrangement
14.8 Photoredox and Nickel Dual Catalysis
14.9 The Scale-Up of Visible-Light-Mediated Reactions Via Continuous Processing
Visible Light Photocatalysis in Organic Chemistry
Disclaimer: Any content in publications that violate the sovereignty, the constitution or regulations of the PRC is not accepted or approved by CNPIEC.
