Chapter
Identity, community, and security
Places as the site of our identity
Places as sites of security
Human beings make and remake places
Making the city better 1.1
Cities shape the fates of human beings
2 Social theories of urban space and place: The early perspectives
The social and theoretical roots of modern urban theory
Ferdinand Tönnies: Community and society
Georg Simmel: The metropolis and mental life
Tönnies and Simmel: Further reflections
The Chicago School of Sociology
The city as concentric zones
The city, social change, and social order
Life in the city as a way of life
Making the city better 2.1
Early social theories of urban life
3 Social theories of urban space and place: Perspectives in the post-World War II era
Theoretical descendants of Marx
Manuel Castells and the urban question
David Harvey: Injustice and inequality in the city
John Logan and Harvey Molotch: The city as a growth machine
Making the city better 3.1
Making the city better 3.2
Further reflections: Marx and the critique of modern cities
The return to place and the turn to culture
Jane Jacobs and the discovery of community in the modern metropolis
Sharon Zukin and the turn to culture
The 1980s and the creation of the global city
Power, politics, and ordinary lives
Evaluating theories of the city
4 Methods and rules for the study of cities
First rules for doing a social science of cities
Cities and the question of numbers
The city as the typical case
The city as a prototypical case
Ethnographic and historical case studies
Ethnographic case studies
From one to multiple cases
A last but very important rule on doing a good social science of cities: Fitting good theory to good methods
Part II THE CHANGING METROPOLIS
5 The metropolis and its expansion: Early insights and basic principles
Metropolitan growth: Basic features
The mobility of people and groups in the metropolis
Social differences and migration in the metropolis
Migration and the expansion of the metropolis
The metropolitan center and its links to the hinterlands
Human agents and social institutions in the expansion of the metropolis
Making the city better 5.1
Planning and metropolitan development
Urban growth, institutions, and human agents
6 The origins and development of suburbs
What is a suburb? Definitions and variations
Alternative suburban forms
A brief history of suburban development
Culture and the demand for suburban living
Making the city better 6.1
Transportation technologies and suburban expansion
Making the city better 6.2
The role of policy in suburban expansion
The mass production of US suburbs
Changes and challenges in contemporary suburbs
Privatization and gated communities
The varied fates of older suburbs
7 Changing metropolitan landscapes after World War II
Los Angeles: The prototype of the postwar metropolis
The changing metropolitan order
The decline of older industrial cities
The rise of the postindustrial/postmodern metropolitan regions
The importance of transportation, again
The remaking of places and spaces: The profound human and political consequences
Making the city better 7.1
The emerging global economy: A brief overview
People, place, and space in a global world
Part III SOCIAL INEQUALITIES AND POWER IN THE METROPOLIS
8 The early metropolis as a place of inequality
Colonial cities as unequal places
Gender in the early metropolis
Immigrant lives: New York’s Five Points
The Five Points case in context
Early reform and intervention efforts
Making the American ghetto
Making the city better 8.1
New neighbors, new tensions
The perpetuation and implications of black ghettos
The significance of urban diversity and inequality
9 Inequality and diversity in the post-World War II metropolis
Inequality and the metropolis
Making the city better 9.1
Gentrification and the remaking of the metropolis
Social diversity and the transformed metropolis
The new immigration and the transformation of the metropolis
The United States and Canada
Reconstructing the contemporary metropolis
The Western metropolis in flux
10 Power, authority, and cities as contested spaces
The changing global economy
Cities today as contested spaces
The nature of local governance and politics
Local authorities and marginalized peoples
African Americans and local authorities
The homeless and local authorities
The very poor and local authorities
Contesting mistreatment by local authorities: Resistance and aid
Making the city better 10.1
Major contests over deep meanings and spaces in the metropolis
Jerusalem: The quintessential contested city
The contested spaces of Berlin
Part IV THE METROPOLIS IN THE DEVELOPING WORLD
11 Urbanization and cities in developing countries
Urbanization: The basic path and its impact on place
Developing-country cities in historical perspective
The basic dimensions of urbanization
Over-urbanization versus under-urbanization
Natural increase and in-migration
From process and system to place
A profile with multiple wrinkles
Megacities as places: Opportunities and challenges
Creating wealth and sustaining poverty
Making the city better 11.1
The developing megacity as a lived place
Making the city better 11.2
Reassessing the developing-country city
12 Cities in the global economy
Cities in a globalizing world: Theoretical background
Emerging cities in the global economy
Further reflections on Yiwu
Re-emerging cities in the global economy
Berlin, Germany: A once-prosperous, then challenged, and now re-emerging local culture
Shanghai, China: Local change in a global renaissance city
Deeper into the global economy
Dongguan, China: A place transformed from a rural township into a global factory-city
Dubai, United Arab Emirates: From desert to urban miracle to mirage
Cities in a fully networked global economy
The regional dimension and mediation of cities
Becoming globally networked
Interdependence between cities and the global economy
Systematic constraint and individual flexibility
The global restructuring of cities
Making the city better 12.1
Part V CHALLENGES OF TODAY AND THE METROPOLIS OF THE FUTURE
13 Urban environments and sustainability
Natural attributes and urban development
Interpreting and manipulating nature
Local environmental concerns
Making the city better 13.1
Environment and inequality
Making the city better 13.2
Global environmental concerns
Urbanization’s environmental impacts
Cities and climate change
Addressing environmental issues: Toward sustainability and resilience
14 The remaking and future of cities
Between place and space: Reinforcing a theoretical vision
Remaking cities at critical moments
Making the city better 14.1
Place-remaking on a larger scale
Daily place-remaking from below
Remaking neighborhoods and communities
The remaking of Brooklyn, New York
From Detroit and New York to China and Shanghai – again
Remaking cities for the future
Scaling up and looking forward
The China and India scenarios and their wider implications
Cities of the future and the future of cities
Making the city better 14.2
A detour back to planning regarding its role in shaping future cities
The foundational attributes of future cities
A final look at the twenty-first-century city
Introduction to Cities
：How Place and Space Shape Human Experience
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