Title Page

Copyright Page

Contents

List of Contributors

Preface

Chapter 1 Introduction

References

Chapter 2 Artificial Kidney: The New Challenge

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Kidney Transplantation Statistics

2.3 Transplantation Costs

2.4 Post-Transplant Costs

2.5 Renal Replacement Devices

2.6 Implantable Artificial Kidney: Prototype Developments

2.7 Kidney Tissue Engineering

2.8 Next Steps

2.9 Conclusion

List of Acronyms

References

Chapter 3 Current Status and New Challenges of the Artificial Liver

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Non-Biological Artificial Liver

3.2.1 Classification and Clinical Study

3.2.2 PE and HDF

3.2.2.1 High-Volume Therapeutic PE

3.2.2.2 High-Flow Dialysate Continuous HDF

3.2.2.3 PE with Online HDF

3.2.3 Blood Purification with Albumin Dialysis

3.2.3.1 Single-Pass Albumin Dialysis

3.2.3.2 Molecular Adsorbent Recirculating System

3.2.3.3 Fractionated Plasma Separation and Adsorption (Prometheus™)

3.2.3.4 Hepa Wash

3.2.4 Selective Plasma Filtration Therapy

3.2.4.1 Biologic-Detoxifilter/Plasma Filter

3.2.4.2 Selective Plasma-Exchange Therapy

3.2.4.3 Plasma Filtration with Dialysis

3.2.5 Clinical Observations of Various Combinations

3.3 Bioartificial Liver

3.3.1 Bioartificial Liver Support System

3.3.2 Cell Source for BAL

3.4 New Stream for Artificial Liver

3.4.1 Tissue Engineering for Liver Construction

3.4.2 Whole Organ Engineering for the Transplantable Artificial Liver

3.5 Conclusion and Future Trends

List of Acronyms

References

Chapter 4 A Chemical Engineering Perspective on Blood Oxygenators

4.1 Introduction

4.2 A Historical Note

4.3 Chemical Engineering Principles in Blood Oxygenators

4.4 Chemical Engineering Process Analogues of ECMO Systems

4.5 New Challenges

4.6 Conclusion

List of Symbols

References

Chapter 5 Model Predictive Control for the Artificial Pancreas

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Phenomenological Models

5.2.1 Background and Two-Compartmental Models

5.2.2 Three-Compartment Models

5.3 Black-Block Approach

5.4 Conclusions

Nomenclature

Acronyms and Variables

Greek Letters

References

Chapter 6 Multiscale Synthetic Biology: From Molecules to Ecosystems

6.1 Introduction: An Historical‐Epistemological Perspective

6.2 Applications

6.2.1 Protein Synthetic Biology

6.2.2 Tissue Engineering and Artificial Organs

6.2.3 Biotechnology and Ecology Applications

6.3 Conclusions

List of Symbols

References

Chapter 7 Chemical Reaction Engineering Methodologies for Biomedical Imaging Analysis

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

7.2.1 1H-MRI

7.2.2 19F-MRI

7.2.3 MRI using Magnetization Transfer

7.3 Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT)

7.3.1 PET

7.3.2 SPECT

7.4 Fluorescence Imaging

7.4.1 Fluorescent Proteins

7.4.2 Small Organic Fluorophores

7.5 Conclusion

List of Abbreviations

References

Chapter 8 Noninvasive and Label‐Free Characterization of Cells for Tissue Engineering Purposes

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Multivariate Analyses

8.2.1 Principal Component Analysis (PCA)

8.2.2 Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA)

8.2.3 Hierarchical Clustering Analysis (HCA)

8.2.4 Other Multivariate Analyses

8.3 Vibrational Spectroscopic Features

8.3.1 Cell Characterization Based on Whole-Cell Analysis by Raman Spectroscopy

8.3.2 Cell Characterization Based on Subcellular Analysis by Raman Spectroscopy

8.3.3 Raman-Based Cell Characterization Toward Biomedical Applications

8.4 Morphological Features

8.4.1 Cell Characterization Based on Unstained Microscopic Images of Single Cells

8.4.2 Cell Characterization Based on Unstained Microscopic Images of Cell Populations

8.5 Secreted Molecule Features

8.5.1 Cell Characterization Based on Response Signatures

8.6 Conclusion and Outlook

List of Acronyms

References

Chapter 9 TMS-EEG: Methods and Challenges in the Analysis of Brain Connectivity

9.1 Introduction

9.1.1 Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

9.1.2 Electroencephalography

9.1.3 Combined TMS and Electroencephalography

9.1.4 Data Acquisition

9.1.5 Artifacts and Their Prevention

9.2 Signal Processing Methods

9.2.1 Preprocessing

9.2.2 Connectivity Analysis Methods in TMS-EEG

9.2.3 Time Domain Methods

9.2.4 Frequency Domain Methods

9.3 TMS-EEG Applications in Studies of Connectivity

9.3.1 General Aspects

9.3.2 TMS-Evoked Potentials (TEPs)

9.3.3 TMS-Induced Oscillations

9.3.4 Clinical Perspectives

9.3.4.1 Alzheimer’s Disease

9.3.4.2 Schizophrenia

9.3.4.3 Disorders of Consciousness

9.4 Conclusions and Future Trends

List of Acronyms

References

Chapter 10 Thermal Treatments of Tumors: Principles and Methods

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Effects of Temperature on Living Tissue

10.2.1 Hyperthermal Tissue Destruction

10.2.2 Cold Temperature for Tissue Destruction

10.3 Physical Principles of Thermal Treatments

10.3.1 Hyperthermal Treatments

10.3.1.1 High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound Ablation

10.3.1.2 Radiofrequency Ablation (RFA)

10.3.1.3 Microwave Ablation (MWA)

10.3.1.4 Laser Ablation (LA)

10.3.2 Cryoablation

10.4 Mathematical Modeling of Thermal Therapies

10.5 Temperature Monitoring During Thermal Treatments

10.5.1 Invasive (Contact) Thermometric Techniques

10.5.2 Non-Invasive (Contactless) Thermometric Techniques

10.6 Conclusions

List of Acronyms

List of Symbols

References

Index

Supplemental Images

EULA