The GnRH Neuron and its Control

Chapter

Part II GnRH Neuron Development

Chapter 2 Prenatal Development of GnRH Neurons

Abstract

2.1 Introduction

2.2 GnRH

2.3 The migratory track

2.4 Migration mechanics

2.5 Perspectives

2.6 Protocols

Acknowledgments

Glossary

References

Chapter 3 Fetal/perinatal Programming Causing Sexual Dimorphism of the Kisspeptin–GnRH Neuronal Network

Abstract

3.1 Discovery of perinatal programming of the GnRH/gonadotropin‐releasing system by sex steroids in rodents

3.2 Critical periods responsible for sexual dimorphism of the GnRH/gonadotropin‐releasing system

3.3 Sexual dimorphism of kisspeptin neurons and the GnRH‐releasing system in rodents

3.4 Potential mechanisms mediating fetal/perinatal programming of the kisspeptin–GnRH neuronal network in rodents

3.5 Species difference in programming of the kisspeptin–GnRH neuronal network

3.6 Perspectives

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 4 Postnatal Development of GnRH Neuronal Function

Abstract

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Historical perspectives

4.3 Postnatal development of the GnRH system

4.4 The mechanism of the pubertal increase in GnRH release

4.6 Perspectives

Acknowledgments

References

Part III GnRH Neuron Biology

Chapter 5 Regulation of GnRH Gene Expression

Abstract

5.1 The Gnrh1 gene and its transcript

5.2 Regulation of Gnrh1 transcription

5.3 Transcription factors regulating Gnrh1 transcription

5.4 Gnrh1 chromatin structure is critical for increased transcription of Gnrh1 during GnRH neuron development

5.5 Gnrh1 transcription regulation by noncoding RNAs

5.6 Perspectives

Acknowledgments

Appendices

References

Chapter 6 Morphology of the Adult GnRH Neuron

Abstract

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Immunolabeling of GnRH peptide

6.3 Transgenics pave the way toward the bigger picture

6.4 Putting the pieces together: visualizing the whole GnRH neuron

6.5 Perspectives

Acknowledgments

Glossary

References

Chapter 7 The Anatomy of the GnRH Neuron Network in the Human

Abstract

7.1 Ethical considerations

7.2 IHC studies of developing human GnRH neurons

7.3 Studying GnRH neuron anatomy in adults with ISH

7.4 IHC studies of human GnRH neurons in adults

7.5 Perspectives

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 8 Electrophysiology of Rodent GnRH Neurons

Abstract

8.1 Historical perspective

8.2 Experimental models and recording configurations used for GnRH neuron electrophysiology

8.3 Overview of the intrinsic properties of GnRH neurons

8.4 Neurotransmission and neuromodulation

8.5 Perspectives

Acknowledgement

References

Chapter 9 Anatomy and Physiology of GnRH Neurons and Their Control of Pituitary Function in Fish

Abstract

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Anatomy and ontogeny of GnRH neurons, with special reference to the hypophysiotropic GnRH1 neurons

9.3 Electrophysiology of hypophysiotropic GnRH1 neurons in fish

9.4 Physiological functions of teleost GnRH1 neurons: implications from gene KO animals

9.5 Perspectives

Acknowledgments

References

Part IV Regulation of GnRH Neuron Function

Chapter 10 Unveiling the Importance of Glia and Vascular Endothelial Cells in the Control of GnRH Neuronal Function

Abstract

10.1 Defining the functional microunit in the GnRH neuroendocrine network

10.2 Visualizing morphological interactions between GnRH neurons and glial cells

10.3 Evidence for gliotransmission in the GnRH neural network

10.4 Probing function‐related structural plasticity in the GnRH neural network

10.5 Deciphering the cell‐to‐cell communication processes underlying structural plasticity

10.6 Perspectives

Acknowledgments

Glossary

References

Chapter 11 Genetic Strategies Examining Kisspeptin Regulation of GnRH Neurons

Abstract

11.1 Introduction

11.2 The ARC kisspeptin neuron population

11.3 The AVPV/PeN kisspeptin neurons

11.4 Steroidogenic control of GnRH neurons via kisspeptin neurons

11.5 Interrogation of kisspeptin neurobiology

11.6 How comparable is the rodent to the human?

11.7 Perspectives

Acknowledgments

Glossary

References

Chapter 12 KNDy Hypothesis for Generation of GnRH Pulses: Evidence from Sheep and Goats

Abstract

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Anatomical approaches

12.3 Functional approaches: local administration of receptor agonists and antagonists and assessment of MUA

12.4 Integration: the KNDy hypothesis in ruminants and rodents

12.5 Perspectives

Acknowledgments

Appendices

References

Chapter 13 Generation of the GnRH Surge and LH Surge by the Positive Feedback Effect of Estrogen

Abstract

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Historical perspective on the concept of positive feedback and models in rodents

13.3 ER‐expressing neurons in the brain and positive feedback

13.4 Progesterone and positive feedback

13.5 Circadian rhythm and positive feedback

13.6 Special aspects of positive feedback in non‐rodent species

13.7 Strength and duration of the E2 signal and positive feedback

13.8 Multi‐unit recording of neurons and positive feedback

13.9 Positive feedback at the level of the pituitary gonadotropes

13.10 Perspectives

Acknowledgments

Glossary

References

Chapter 14 Influence of Stress on the GnRH Neuronal Network

Abstract

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Neuroendocrine mechanisms underlying the effects of stress on the GnRH system

14.3 Effects of stress on reproductive health

14.4 Perspectives

Appendix: a selection of common stress paradigms

References

Chapter 15 Metabolic Regulation of GnRH Neurons

Abstract

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Hormonal metabolic cues to GnRH neurons

15.3 Identifying neuronal targets of metabolic hormones

15.4 Functional assessment of putative metabolic pathways to the GnRH neuron

15.5 Animal models of infertility due to nutritional excess

15.6 Perspectives

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 16 Seasonal Control of the GnRH Neuronal Network as a Means of Uncovering Novel Central Mechanisms Governing Mammalian Reproduction

Abstract

16.1 Introduction

16.2 Photoperiodic changes in melatonin and the seasonal control of reproduction

16.3 Methods for the analysis of seasonal changes in the hypothalamus

16.4 Pharmacological approaches to the study of the regulation of seasonal reproduction

16.5 Perspectives

References

Part V GnRH in the Clinic

Chapter 17 Human Genetics of GnRH Neuron Function

Abstract

17.1 Introduction

17.2 Human phenotypes of early and late pubertal development

17.3 KNDy neurons as the GnRH pulse generator

17.4 Genome‐wide association studies on the age of menarche

17.5 Finding new puberty genes

17.6 Challenges in finding new puberty genes

17.7 Perspectives

Glossary

Acknowledgement

References

Chapter 18 Modulators of GnRH Secretion and Therapeutic Applications

Abstract

18.1 Introduction

18.2 GnRH analogs

18.3 Kisspeptin analogs

18.4 NKB analogs

18.5 Perspectives

Acknowledgments

Glossary

References

Index

EULA

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