Chapter
2.4 The History of Research on Trace Elements
2.4.1 The Industrial Revolution
2.4.3 The Positive Side of Trace Elements
2.4.4 Trace Element Interactions and Use in Fertilizers
Chapter 3 Modern Analytical Methods of Speciation and Determination of Trace Elements in Inorganic, Organic, and Biological Samples
3.1 Overview of Selected Aspects of Modern Toxicology of Elements
3.2 Methodologies and Strategies of Sample Preparation in Toxicological Analyses of Elements
3.3 Comprehensive Review of Classical Analytical Techniques Applied in Current Studies Related to Determination and (Bio)Imaging/Mapping of Elements
3.4 Separation, Hyphenated, and Special Analytical Techniques in Current Studies Related to the Determination of Elements
Chapter 4 Trace Elements in the Environment – Law, Regulations, Monitoring and Biomonitoring Methods
4.1 When New Meets Old – The Concept of Monitoring as a Way of Understanding the Information from Ecosystems
4.2 An Overview of Basic Terms Related to Bioindication – Classification Methods for Organisms and Communities
4.3 State of the Art in the Analysis of Plant Material for Monitoring Purposes – Possibilities and Difficulties
4.4 The Bioavailability Concept as a Key for Fully Understanding and Assessing Potential Risk
4.5 Hair Mineral Analysis – Telling History with Hair
4.6 Occupational Exposure to Metals – Monitoring at a Workplace
4.7 How the Law can Help in the Protection of the Environment and Human Health – European Union
4.7.1 History of European Environmental Law
4.7.2 Air, Water, and Land Protection – Current Legislation
4.7.3 Protection of the Workers
4.8 Minamata Convention on Mercury – A Global Risk Assessment Tool?
Chapter 5 Problems of Trace Elements in Water and Wastewater Treatment
5.2.2 Composition and Characteristics of Wastewaters
5.3.2 Wastewater Treatment
Chapter 6 Trace Elements in Agricultural and Industrial Wastes
6.2 Trace Elements in Agricultural Wastes
6.2.2 Mushroom Production
6.3 Industrial Production
6.3.1 Residues Generated by the Sugar Industry
6.3.2 Residues Generated by the Dairy Industry
6.3.3 Residues Generated by the Fruit and Vegetable Industry
6.3.4 Residues Generated by Distilleries
6.3.5 Residues Generated by the Brewing Industry
6.3.6 Residues Generated by the Fat Industry
6.3.7 Residues Generated by the Meat Industry
6.3.8 Residues Generated by the Fish Industry
6.3.9 Residues Generated by Vineyards
Chapter 7 Trace Elements in Aquatic Environments
7.2 Sources of Trace Elements
7.3 Distributions of Trace Elements
Chapter 8 Trace Metals in Soils: A Review of Methods for Monitoring Trace Metals in Soils
8.2 Analytical Methods for Monitoring Trace Metals in Soils
8.2.1 Total Concentrations of Heavy Metals
8.2.2 Total and Bioavailable Soil Fractions
8.2.3 Sequential Extraction
8.3 Assessing Soil Contamination
8.3.1 Enrichment Factor (EF) Analysis
8.3.2 Geo-accumulation Index
8.3.3 Contamination Factor (CF) Analysis
8.3.4 Risk Assessment Code (RAC)
8.3.5 Individual Contamination Factors (ICF) and Global Contamination Factors (GCF)
Chapter 9 The Role of Trace Elements in Living Organisms
Chapter 10 Fluorine and Silicon as Essential and Toxic Trace Elements
10.2.1 The Role of Fluorine in Plants
10.2.2 The Role of Fluorine in Humans
10.3.1 The Role of Silicon in Plants
10.3.2 The Role of Silicon in Humans
Chapter 11 Biological Functions of Cadmium, Nickel, Vanadium, and Tungsten
Chapter 12 Biosorption of Trace Elements
12.5 Manganese Biosorption
12.7 Vanadium Biosorption
Chapter 13 Bioaccumulation and Biomagnification of Trace Elements in the Environment
13.1 Introduction – How to Address Environmental Issues in One Shot
13.2 A Journey of a Thousand Miles Begins with a Single Step: Basic Concepts Relating to Bioconcentration and Biomagnification Issues
13.3 A History of Food Web Research: Godfathers of Food Web Ecology
13.4 We are what we Eat: a General Model of Food Web Structure
13.5 Emission of Pollutants to the Environment: Origin of Trace Elements in the Environment
13.6 Bioaccumulation and Biomagnification of Trace Elements in the Terrestrial Environment
13.7 Bioaccumulation and Biomagnification of Trace Elements in the Marine Environment
13.8 Mercury Accumulation in Food Webs
Chapter 14 Hydrometallurgy and Bio-crystallization of Metals by Microorganisms
14.2 Bacteria in Bioleaching
14.3 The Physicochemical Base of Bioleaching
14.4 Bioleaching Kinetics
14.5 Bioleaching Mechanisms
14.6 Bioleaching of Individual Minerals
14.7 Engineering Aspects of the Bioleaching Process
14.8 Modeling of Heap Bioleaching
14.9 Biopretreatment of Refractory Gold Ores
14.10 Reductive Dissolution Minerals
14.11 Bioprecipitation and Biomineralization
Chapter 15 Trace Elements as Fertilizer Micronutrients
15.2 Fertilizers as a Source of Trace Elements – The Positive and Negative Aspects
15.3 Effect of Trace Elements on Plant Growth and Development
15.4 Forms of Trace Elements
Chapter 16 Trace Elements in Animal Nutrition
Chapter 17 Trace Elements in Human Nutrition
Chapter 18 Trace Elements in Human Health
Chapter 19 Spirulina as a Raw Material for Products Containing Trace Elements
19.2 Spirulina Biomass as a Source of Trace Elements
19.3 Spirulina as a Source of Zinc
19.4 Spirulina as a Source of Iron
19.5 Spirulina as a Source of Chromium
19.6 Spirulina as a Source of Copper
19.7 Spirulina as a Source of Selenium
Chapter 20 Dietary Food and Feed Supplements with Trace Elements
20.2 The Need for Trace Element Supplementation in Humans and Animals
20.3 Specific Roles of Trace Elements in Antioxidant Defenses
20.5 Human Side of Trace Mineral Supplementation
20.6 From Trace Minerals to Functional Food – the Case for Selenium
Chapter 21 Biofortification of Food with Trace Elements
21.2 Biofortification of Plant Foodstuff
21.2.1 Selective Breeding
21.2.2 Genetic Modification
21.2.3 Agronomic Biofortification
21.4 Biofortification of Animal Foodstuffs
Chapter 22 Biomarkers of Trace Element Status
22.4 Exposure to Trace Elements
22.6 Interpretation of Biomarker-based Results
Chapter 23 Human Exposure to Trace Elements from Dental Biomaterials
23.3 Definition of Biomaterials
23.4 Regulations and Standards for Dental Biomaterials
23.5 Types of Biomaterials Used in Dentistry
23.6 The Oral Cavity as an Environment for Metallic Biomaterials
23.7 Release of Trace Metals from Dental Biomaterials: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies
23.7.1 Orthodontic Appliances
Chapter 24 Industrial Use of Trace Elements and their Impact on the Workplace and the Environment
24.2 Health Risks Associated with Handling Fertilizers in the Workplace
24.3 Trace Elements in Inorganic Fertilizers
24.4 Trace Elements in other Industrial Activities
24.5 Effects of Heavy Metals on Human Health
Chapter 25 Speciation of Trace Elements and its Importance in Environmental and Biomedical Sciences
25.1 The Need for Speciation Analysis – Do We Know Enough?
25.2 Speciation Analysis Development – How Far We Have Come?
25.3 Defining Undefined – Basic Terms Related to Speciation
25.4 Speciation as the Analytical Challenge – Problems to be Solved
25.5 Sequential Fractionation – an Introduction to Elemental Speciation Analysis
25.6 Hyphenated Techniques in Speciation Analysis – How Far We Can Reach?
25.7 Analytical Relevance of Trace Element Speciation in Environmental and Biomedical Sciences – Speciation of As, Se, Cr, Hg, and Sb
Chapter 26 Trace Elements – A Threat or Benefit?
26.2 Trace Elements as Plant Micronutrients
26.3 Trace Elements as Toxic Elements to Plants
26.4 Trace Elements as Micronutrients in Humans and Animals
26.5 Trace Elements as Toxic Elements to Humans and Animals
26.6 Beneficial and Unfavorable Roles of Trace Elements in the Environment
26.7 Trace Elements as Pharmaceuticals
Recent Advances in Trace Elements
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