Chapter
2.2 Phase Tuning Approaches for Reflectarray Elements
2.2.1 Elements with Phase/Time‐Delay Lines
2.2.2 Elements with Variable Sizes
2.2.3 Elements with Variable Rotation Angles
2.3 Element Analysis Methods
2.3.1 Periodic Boundary Conditions and Floquet Port Excitation
2.3.2 Metallic Waveguide Simulators
2.3.3 Analytical Circuit Models
2.3.4 Comparison of Element Analysis Techniques
2.3.4.1 Comparison between PBC and Metallic Waveguides
2.3.4.2 Comparison between PBC and the Circuit Model
2.4 Examples of Classic Reflectarray Elements
2.4.1 Rectangular Patch with Phase‐Delay Lines
2.4.2 Variable Size Square Patch
2.4.3 Single Slot Ring Elements
2.5 Reflectarray Element Characteristics and Design Considerations
2.5.1 Frequency Behavior of Element Reflection Coefficients
2.5.2 Effects of Oblique Incidence Angles on Element Reflection Coefficients
2.5.3 Sources of Phase Error in Reflectarray Element Design
2.6 Reflectarray Element Measurements
Chapter 3 System Design and Aperture Efficiency Analysis
3.1.1 Models of Linearly Polarized and Circularly Polarized Feeds
3.1.2 Balanced Feed Models
3.2.1 Spillover Efficiency
3.2.2 Illumination Efficiency
3.2.3 Effects of Aperture Shape on Efficiency
3.2.4 Effects of Feed Location on Efficiency
3.3 Aperture Blockage and Edge Diffraction
3.3.1 Aperture Blockage and Offset Systems
3.3.2 Edge Taper and Edge Diffraction
3.4 The Analogy between a Reflectarray and a Parabolic Reflector
3.4.1 The Offset System Configurations
3.4.2 Analogous Offset Reflector
3.4.2.1 Transformation from Reflector to Reflectarray System
3.4.2.2 Transformation from Reflectarray to Reflector System
3.4.3 Example of Analogous Offset Systems
Chapter 4 Radiation Analysis Techniques
4.1 Array Theory Approach: The Robust Analysis Technique
4.1.1 Idealized Feed and Element Patterns
4.1.2 Element Excitations and Reflectarray Radiation Pattern
4.2 Aperture Field Approach: The Classical Analysis Technique
4.2.1 Complex Feed Patterns
4.2.2 Field Transformations from Feed to Aperture and Equivalent Surface Current
4.2.3 Near-Field to Far-Field Transforms and Reflectarray Radiation Pattern
4.3 Important Topics in Reflectarray Radiation Analysis
4.3.1 Principal Radiation Planes
4.3.2 Co- and Cross-Polarized Patterns
4.3.3 Antenna Directivity
4.3.4 Antenna Efficiency and Gain
4.3.5 Spectral Transforms and Computational Speedup
4.4 Full-Wave Simulation Approaches
4.4.1 Constructed Aperture Currents Under Local-Periodicity Approximation
4.4.2 Complete Reflectarray Models
4.5.1 Comparison of the Array Theory and Aperture Field Analysis Techniques
4.5.1.1 Example 1: Reflectarray Antenna with a Broadside Beam
4.5.1.2 Example 2: Reflectarray Antenna with an Off‐Broadside Beam
4.5.1.3 Comparison of Calculated Directivity versus Frequency
4.5.2 Consideration in the Array Theory Technique: Element Pattern Effect
4.5.3 Consideration in the Aperture Field Technique: Variations of Equivalence Principle
4.5.4 Comparisons with Full‐Wave Technique
Chapter 5 Bandwidth of Reflectarray Antennas
5.1 Bandwidth Constraints in Reflectarray Antennas
5.1.1 Frequency Behavior of Element Phase Error
5.1.2 Frequency Behavior of Spatial Phase Delay
5.1.3 Aperture Phase Error and Reflectarray Bandwidth Limitations
5.2 Reflectarray Element Bandwidth
5.2.1 Physics of Element Bandwidth Constraints
5.2.2 Parametric Studies on Element Bandwidth
5.3 Reflectarray System Bandwidth
5.3.1 Effect of Aperture Size on Reflectarray Bandwidth
5.3.2 Effects of Element on Reflectarray Bandwidth
Chapter 6 Reflectarray Design Examples
6.1 A Ku-band Reflectarray Antenna: A Step-by-Step Design Example
6.1.1 Feed Antenna Characteristics
6.1.2 Reflectarray System Design
6.1.3 Reflectarray Element Design
6.1.5 Fabrication and Measurements
6.2 A Circularly Polarized Reflectarray Antenna using an Element Rotation Technique
6.3 Bandwidth Comparison of Reflectarray Designs using Different Elements
Chapter 7 Broadband and Multiband Reflectarray Antennas
7.1 Broadband Reflectarray Design Topologies
7.1.1 Multilayer Multi-Resonance Elements
7.1.2 Single-Layer Multi-Resonance Elements
7.1.3 Sub-Wavelength Elements
7.1.4 Reflectarrays Employing Single-Layer and Double-Layer Sub-Wavelength Elements
7.1.5 Broadband Design Methods for Large Reflectarrays
7.2 Phase Synthesis for Broadband Operation
7.2.1 A Phase Synthesized Broadband Reflectarray
7.2.2 A Dual-Frequency Broadband Reflectarray
7.3 Multiband Reflectarray Designs
7.3.1 A Single-Layer Dual-Band Circularly Polarized Reflectarray
7.3.2 A Single-Layer Tri-Band Reflectarray
Chapter 8 Terahertz, Infrared, and Optical Reflectarray Antennas
8.1 Above Microwave Frequencies
8.2 Material Characteristics at Terahertz and Infrared Frequencies
8.2.1 Optical Measurements and Electromagnetic Parameters
8.2.2 Measured Properties of Conductors and Dielectric Materials
8.2.3 Calculating Drude Model Parameters for Conductors
8.3 Element Losses at Infrared Frequencies
8.3.1.1 Effect of Conductor Thickness
8.3.1.2 Effect of Complex Conductivity
8.3.3 Effect of Losses on Reflection Properties of Elements
8.3.4 Circuit-Model Analysis
8.3.4.1 Circuit Theory and Loss Study
8.3.4.2 Zero-Pole Analysis of Element Performance
8.4 Reflectarray Design Methodologies and Enabling Technologies
8.4.1 Reflectarrays with Patch Elements
8.4.2 Dielectric Resonator Reflectarrays
8.4.3 Dielectric Reflectarrays
8.4.3.1 Dielectric Property and 3D Printing Technique
8.4.3.2 Dielectric Reflectarray Design
8.4.3.3 Dielectric Reflectarray Prototypes and Measurements
Chapter 9 Multi-Beam and Shaped-Beam Reflectarray Antennas
9.1 Direct Design Approaches for Multi‐Beam Reflectarrays
9.1.1 Geometrical Aperture Division
9.1.2 Superposition of Aperture Fields
9.1.3 Comparison of Direct Design Approaches
9.2 Synthesis Design Approaches for Shaped‐ and Multi‐Beam Reflectarrays
9.2.1 Basics of Synthesis Techniques
9.2.2 Local-Search Techniques
9.2.3 Global-Search Techniques
9.2.4 Full-Wave Optimization Design Approaches
9.3 Practical Reflectarray Designs
9.3.1 Single-Feed Reflectarray with Multiple Symmetric Beams
9.3.2 Feed Reflectarrays with Multiple Asymmetric Beams
9.3.3 Shaped-Beam Reflectarrays
9.3.4 Multi-Feed Multi-Beam Reflectarrays
Chapter 10 Beam-Scanning Reflectarray Antennas
10.1 Beam-Scanning Approaches for Reflectarray Antennas
10.1.1 Design Methodologies
10.1.2 Classifications Based on Reflector Type
10.2 Feed-Tuning Techniques
10.2.1 Fully Illuminated Single-Reflector Configurations
10.2.1.1 Parabolic-Phase Apertures
10.2.1.2 Non-Parabolic-Phase Apertures
10.2.2 Partially Illuminated Single-Reflector Configurations
10.2.2.1 Parabolic Cylindrical-Phase Reflectarray Antennas (PCPRA)
10.2.2.2 Parabolic Torus-Phase Reflectarray Antennas (PTPRA)
10.2.2.3 Spherical-Phase Reflectarray Antennas (SPRA)
10.2.3 Dual-Reflector Configurations
10.2.3.1 Parabolic Reflector/Reflectarray Antennas
10.2.3.2 Non-Parabolic Reflector/Reflectarray Antennas
10.2.4 Summary of Feed-Tuning Techniques
10.3 Aperture Phase-Tuning Techniques
10.3.1 Basics of Aperture Phase Tuning
10.3.2 Enabling Technologies
10.3.2.1 Mechanical Actuators/Motors
10.3.2.2 Electronic Devices
10.3.2.3 Functional Materials
10.4 Frontiers in Beam‐Scanning Reflectarray Research
10.4.1 Active Reflectarrays
10.4.2 Comparison Between Analog and Digital Phase Control
10.4.3 Sub-Array Techniques
10.4.4 Hybrid Configurations
Chapter 11 Reflectarray Engineering and Emerging Applications
11.1 Advanced Reflectarray Geometries
11.1.1 Conformal Reflectarrays
11.1.1.1 Analysis of Conformal Reflectarrays
11.1.1.2 Radiation Characteristics of Conformal Reflectarrays on Cylindrical Surfaces
11.1.2 Dual-Reflectarrays
11.2 Reflectarrays for Satellite Applications
11.2.1 An L-Band Reflectarray for the Beidou Satellite System
11.2.2 Reflectarrays Integrated with Solar Cells
11.3 Power Combining and Amplifying Reflectarrays
11.4 A Perspective on Reflectarray Antennas
11.4.1 Large-Aperture Planar Reflectarray Antennas
11.4.2 Reflectarray Antennas with Broad Bandwidth, Beam‐Scanning Capability, and Low Cost
11.4.3 From Reflectarray Antennas to Transmitarray Antennas
Reflectarray Antennas
：Theory, Designs, and Applications
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