Chapter
The Psychology of False Confessions
A Brief Review of my Cases on Disputed Confessions (1980–2016)
The Structure and Content of the Book
The Gudmundur and Geirfinnur Cases
Part I The Emerging Science and Practice
Chapter 1 An Era of Enquiry and Development
My Early Research on Lie Detection
The Sunday Times Experiment
British Psychological Society Committees on Lie Detection
Chapter 2 The Impact of Real-Life Cases on Legal Changes, Police Practice, and Science
The Tottenham Three (Engin Raghip)
The Cardiff Three (Stephen Miller)
The PEACE Model of Interviewing
Chapter 3 Interrogative Suggestibility
The Experimental Approach
The Individual Differences Approach
The Gudjonsson and Clark Model
Chapter 4 The Psychology of False Confessions: The Theories
Definitions of False Confession
An Early Conceptual Framework
The Kassin and Wrightsman Threefold Classification
Critique of the Kassin–Wrightsman Classification
Key Components That Elicit and Facilitate the Internalization Process
The Five Sequential Steps
Immediate Versus Delayed Suggestibility
A Heuristic Model of Internalized False Confessions
Chapter 5 The Development of the Science: The Evidence Base
Brief Summary of Theoretical Developments
Landmark Early Studies on Police Interrogation
False Confessions in Miscarriages of Justice Research
Rate of Interrogation, Base Rate of Guilt, and False Confessions8
Type of Offence Falsely Confessed To
Reasons Given for the False Confession
‘I’d Know a False Confession if I Saw One’
The Psychological Effects of Interrogation
Part II The Gudmundur and Geirfinnur Cases
Chapter 6 Icelandic Society in the 1970s
Brief History and Landscape
The Constitution and Government
Drug Abuse Problems and Smuggling
Chapter 7 The Keflavík Investigation and the First Confession
The Investigation and Principal Characters
The Disappearance of Geirfinnur Einarsson
The Keflavík Investigation Into Geirfinnur’s Disappearance
The First Confession to Geirfinnur’s Disappearance
Chapter 8 The Confessions in the Gudmundur Einarsson Case
The Post and Telecommunication Fraud
The Disappearance of Gudmundur Einarsson
The Gudmundur Einarsson Investigation
The Confessions to Gudmundur Einarsson’s Murder
Thematic Analysis of the Successive Accounts
The Supreme Court’s Version of the Facts in the Gudmundur Einarsson Case
Chapter 9 The Confessions in the Geirfinnur Einarsson Case
The Prosecution Request for the Keflavík Papers
Confessions Obtained by the Reykjavík Team
Key Task Force Statements
Gudjón’s Arrest and Subsequent Interrogations
Thematic Analysis of the Successive Accounts
The Keflavík Slipway Re-enactment
The Overlap with Gudmundur Agnarsson’s ‘False’ Confession
The Press Conference: The Official Version of What Happened
Chapter 10 Misguiding Force
Karl Schütz’s Professional Background
The Spiegel Investigation
The Murder of Four Soldiers in Lebach
The Cartoons and Legal Action
Schütz’s Foreword to his Book Kleinstadtmörder: Spur 1081
The Der Spiegel 1979 Article11
Personal Impression of Karl Schütz
Chapter 11 The Return of the Gudmundur and Geirfinnur Cases
Helga Arnardóttir’s Telephone Call and the Diaries
Meeting With Helga and Kristín
The Content of the Diaries
A Call From the Minister of the Interior
Chapter 12 The Findings From the Working Group, Special Prosecutor, and Icelandic Court Cases Review Commission
The General Findings of the Working Group
The Findings From the Psychological Evaluation
The Testimony in the Reykjavík District Court
The Findings of the Icelandic Court Cases Review Commission
Ragnar Adalsteinsson’s Letter to the Special Prosecutor
Part III A Psychological Analysis of the Confessions of the Six Convicted Persons
Chapter 13 Did Saevar Ciesielski Have Undiagnosed ADHD?
Karl Schütz’s View of Saevar
Saevar’s Speech Before the District Court
Breidavík’s Public Enquiry
Yes, Saevar Did Have Undiagnosed ADHD
Evidence Supportive of ADHD During Childhood and Adolescence
The Pretrial Psychological/Psychiatric Evaluation
The Impact of Saevar’s ADHD on His Functioning During the Cases
Was Saevar Coerced to Implicate Innocent People?
The ‘Real-Life’ Lie Detector Test
Chapter 14 Erla Bolladóttir – A Vulnerable Young Woman
The Relationship with Saevar
Erla’s Attempts to Retract Her Confessions
The Pretrial Psychiatric Evaluation
Karl Schütz’s View of Erla
Erla’s Interview for the Working Group
Models of Erla’s Confessions
Chapter 15 Kristján Vidarsson’s Memory Distrust Syndrome and Confession
Kristján’s Interrogation and Confinement
Kristján’s Mental State in Solitary Confinement
Karl Schütz’s View of Kristján
Kristján’s Interview for the Working Group
A Heuristic Model of Kristján’s Confession
Chapter 16 Tryggvi Leifsson’s Memory Distrust Syndrome and Confession
History of False Confession?
Evidence for Memory Distrust Syndrome
Tryggvi’s interrogation and confession
A Heuristic Model of Tryggvi’s Confession
An interview with Tryggvi’s widow and daughter
Chapter 17 Gudjón Skarphédinsson’s Memory Distrust Syndrome and Confession
Deterioration in Mental State
Karl Schütz’s Perception of Gudjón
A Heuristic Model of Gudjón’s Confession
After Release From Prison
Chapter 18 Albert Skaftason’s Memory Distrust Syndrome and Confession
Albert’s Account of Events, and His Personality
A Heuristic Model of Albert’s Confession
Science and Practice – The Beginning
The Development of the Science
The Gudmundur and Geirfinnur Cases
The Psychology of False Confessions
：Forty Years of Science and Practice
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