Chapter
Use of the Oxygen Isotope Ratio to Estimate Historic Temperatures
Historic Temperature Charts for the Past 4.6 BY
Glacial Periods and Interglacial Periods (4.5 to 0.540 BY AGO)
Historic Temperature Record of the Past 540 MY
Today’s Temperature Charts
The Sun—a Primary Source of Energy
Physical Aspects of the Sun
Solar Irradiation Reaching the Earth
Energy Received by the Earth from the Sun
How is Heat Transferred in the Troposphere?
Modeling the Earth’s Troposphere
Features of the Earth’s Atmosphere
Development of an Adiabatic Equation
Development of the Adiabatic Equation
Earth’s Troposphere Model
Effect of Precession Angle
Application of Adiabatic Equation to the Planet Venus
3 The Earth’s Synoptic Activities
Greenhouse Effect Adiabatic Theory
Model of Heat Transfer in the Troposphere
Part II: Development of the Hydrosphere
4 Development of Earth’s Hydrosphere
Hydrosphere of the Primordial Earth
Formation of the Hydrosphere
Part III: Development of the Earth’s Atmosphere
5 Earth’s Historic Atmospheres
Earth’s Primordial Atmosphere
Earth’s First Atmosphere (Hadean time—4.56 to 4.0 BY ago)
Earth’s Second Atmosphere (Archean time, 4.0 to 2.5 BY ago)
Earth’s Third Atmosphere (Proterozoic to mid-Phanerozoic time – 2.5 to 0.54 BY ago)
Today’s Atmosphere (Phanerozoic time, 0.542 BY ago to today)
The Earth’s Future Atmosphere
6 Nitrogen in Earth’s Atmosphere
Origin of Earth’s Atmospheric Nitrogen
Estimate of the Earth’s Volume of Organic-Nitrogen Sediments
7 Development of Free Oxygen in Earth’s Atmosphere
History of Free Oxygen in Earth’s Atmosphere
8 Development of Methane in Earth’s Atmosphere
Historic Levels of Methane in the Earth’s Atmosphere
Monitoring of Methane Gas Emissions
9 The Effect of the Greenhouse Gases
The Classic Greenhouse Effect
Understanding the Greenhouse Effect
Effect of the Precession Angle
Convective Heat Transsphere in Troposphere
Effect of Water Vapor on Heat Transfer
Effect of Carbon Dioxide on Temperature Distribution
The Effect of Carbon Dioxide Anthropogenic Emissions
10 Development of Carbon Dioxide in Earth’s Atmosphere
Sources of Carbon Dioxide
Mass of Carbon in the Earth’s Crust
Mass of Carbon in the Earth’s Mantle
Historic Content of Carbon Dioxide in the Earth’s Atmosphere
Earth’s Hadean Atmosphere (4.56 to 4.0 BY ago)
Earth’s Archaean Atmosphere (4.0 to 2.4 BY ago)
Earth’s Proterozoic and Phanerozoic Atmosphere (2.4 BY ago to today)
Anthropogenic Carbon Dioxide in the Atmosphere
Historic Effect of Anthropogenic Carbon Dioxide
11 Ozone in the Earth’s Atmosphere
Ozone Layer as the “Earth’s Shield”
Atmospheric Gases Ability to Absorb Energy
12 Evolution of Atmospheric Composition and Pressure
Partial Pressure of Atmospheric Gases
Part IV: Various Factors Affecting the Evolution of the Earth’s Climate
13 Earth’s Orbital Distance from the Sun
Effect of Gravity on Earth’s Orbital Paths
Earth’s Orbital Path About the Sun
Kepler’s Laws Pertaining to Planetary Orbits
Eccentricity of an Object’s Orbit
Effect of Other Planets on Earth’s orbit
The Effect of the Planet Jupiter on Earth’s Orbital Path
14 Climatalogical Effect of Continental Drift
Continental Drift’s Effect on the Earth’s Precession Angle
Latitudinal Temperature Contrast on Earth’s Surface
15 Earth’s Future Climate
References and Bibliography
The Evolution of Earth's Climate
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