Chapter
1.2.5 Computational Examples
1.3 The Electromagnetic Wave Equations
1.4 Conservation Laws in the Electromagnetic Field
1.5 Density of Quantity of Movement in the Electromagnetic Field
1.6 Electromagnetic Potentials
1.7 Solution of the Wave Equation and Radiation Arrow of Time
1.8 Complex Phasor Form of Equations in Electromagnetics
1.8.1 The Generalized Symmetric Form of Maxwell's Equations
1.8.2 Complex Phasor Form of Electromagnetic Wave Equations
1.8.3 Poynting Theorem for Complex Phasors
Chapter 2 Antenna Theory versus Transmission Line Approximation – General Considerations
2.1 A Note on EMC Computational Models
2.1.1 Classification of EMC Models
2.1.2 Summary Remarks on EMC Modeling
2.2 Generalized Telegrapher's Equations for the Field Coupling to Finite Length Wires
2.2.1 Frequency Domain Analysis for Straight Wires above a Lossy Ground
2.2.1.1 Integral Equation for PEC Wire of Finite Length above a Lossy Ground
2.2.1.2 Integral Equation for a Lossy Conductor above a Lossy Ground
2.2.1.3 Generalized Telegraphers Equations for PEC Wires
2.2.1.4 Generalized Telegraphers Equations for Lossy Conductors
2.2.1.5 Numerical Solution of Integral Equations
2.2.1.6 Simulation Results
2.2.1.7 Simulation Results and Comparison with TL Theory
2.2.2 Frequency Domain Analysis for Straight Wires Buried in a Lossy Ground
2.2.2.1 Integral Equation for Lossy Conductor Buried in a Lossy Ground
2.2.2.2 Generalized Telegraphers Equations for Buried Lossy Wires
2.2.2.3 Computational Examples
2.2.3 Time Domain Analysis for Straight Wires above a Lossy Ground
2.2.3.1 Space–Time Integro‐Differential Equation for PEC Wire above a Lossy Ground
2.2.3.2 Space–Time Integro‐Differential Equation for Lossy Conductors
2.2.3.3 Generalized Telegraphers Equations for PEC Wires
2.2.3.4 Generalized Telegrapher's Equations for Lossy Conductors
2.2.4 Time Domain Analysis for Straight Wires Buried in a Lossy Ground
2.2.4.1 Space–Time Integro‐Differential Equation for PEC Wire below a Lossy Ground
2.2.4.2 Space–Time Integro‐Differential Equation for Lossy Conductors
2.2.4.3 Generalized Telegrapher's Equations for Buried Wires
2.2.4.4 Computational Results: Buried Wire Scatterer
2.2.4.5 Computational Results: Horizontal Grounding Electrode
2.3 Single Horizontal Wire in the Presence of a Lossy Half‐Space: Comparison of Analytical Solution, Numerical Solution, and Transmission Line Approximation
2.3.1 Wire above a Perfect Ground
2.3.2 Wire above an Imperfect Ground
2.3.3 Wire Buried in a Lossy Ground
2.3.4 Analytical Solution
2.3.5 Boundary Element Procedure
2.3.6 The Transmission Line Model
2.3.7 Modified Transmission Line Model
2.3.8 Computational Examples
2.3.8.1 Wire above a PEC Ground
2.3.8.2 Wire above a Lossy Ground
2.3.8.3 Wire Buried in a Lossy Ground
2.3.9 Field Transmitted in a Lower Lossy Half‐Space
2.4 Single Vertical Wire in the Presence of a Lossy Half‐Space: Comparison of Analytical Solution, Numerical Solution, and Transmission Line Approximation
2.4.2 Analytical Solution
2.4.3 Computational Examples
2.4.3.1 Transmitting Antenna
2.4.3.2 Receiving Antenna
2.5 Magnetic Current Loop Excitation of Thin Wires
2.5.1 Delta Gap and Magnetic Frill
2.5.2 Magnetic Current Loop
Chapter 3 Electromagnetic Field Coupling to Overhead Wires
3.1 Frequency Domain Models and Methods
3.1.1 Antenna Theory Approach: Set of Coupled Pocklington's Equations
3.1.3 Transmission Line Approximation: Telegrapher's Equations in the Frequency Domain
3.1.4 Computational Examples
3.2 Time Domain Models and Methods
3.2.1 The Antenna Theory Model
3.2.2 The Numerical Solution
3.2.3 The Transmission Line Model
3.2.4 The Solution of Transmission Line Equations via FDTD
3.3 Applications to Antenna Systems
3.3.2 Log‐Periodic Dipole Arrays
3.3.3 GPR Dipole Antennas
Chapter 4 Electromagnetic Field Coupling to Buried Wires
4.1 Frequency Domain Modeling
4.1.1 Antenna Theory Approach: Set of Coupled Pocklington's Equations for Arbitrary Wire Configurations
4.1.2 Antenna Theory Approach: Numerical Solution
4.1.3 Transmission Line Approximation:
4.1.4 Computational Examples
4.2.1 Antenna Theory Approach
4.2.2 Transmission Line Model
4.2.3 Computational Examples
Chapter 5 Lightning Electromagnetics
5.1 Antenna Model of Lightning Channel
5.1.1 Integral Equation Formulation
5.1.2 Computational Examples
5.2 Vertical Antenna Model of a Lightning Rod
5.2.1 Integral Equation Formulation
5.2.2 Computational Examples
5.3 Antenna Model of a Wind Turbine Exposed to Lightning Strike
5.3.1 Integral Equation Formulation for Multiple Overhead Wires
5.3.2 Numerical Solution of Integral Equation Set for Overhead Wires
5.3.3 Computational Example: Transient Response of a WT Lightning Strike
Chapter 6 Transient Analysis of Grounding Systems
6.1 Frequency Domain Analysis of Horizontal Grounding Electrode
6.1.1 Integral Equation Formulation/Reflection Coefficient Approach
6.1.3 Integral Equation Formulation/Sommerfeld Integral Approach
6.1.4 Analytical Solution
6.1.5 Modified Transmission Line Method (TLM) Approach
6.1.6 Computational Examples
6.1.7 Application of Magnetic Current Loop (MCL) Source model to Horizontal Grounding Electrode
6.2 Frequency Domain Analysis of Vertical Grounding Electrode
6.2.1 Integral Equation Formulation/Reflection Coefficient Approach
6.2.3 Analytical Solution
6.3 Frequency Domain Analysis of Complex Grounding Systems
6.3.1 Antenna Theory Approach: Set of Homogeneous Pocklington's Integro‐Differential Equations for Grounding Systems
6.3.2 Antenna Theory Approach: Numerical Solution
6.3.3 Modified Transmission Line Method Approach
6.3.4 Finite Difference Solution of the Potential Differential Equation for Transient Induced Voltage
6.3.5 Computational Examples: Grounding Grids and Rings
6.3.6 Computational Examples: Grounding Systems for WTs
6.4 Time Domain Analysis of Horizontal Grounding Electrodes
6.4.1 Homogeneous Integral Equation Formulation in the Time Domain
6.4.2 Numerical Solution Procedure for Pocklington's Equation
6.4.3 Numerical Results for Grounding Electrode
6.4.4 Analytical Solution of Pocklington's Equation
6.4.5 Transmission Line Model
6.4.6 FDTD Solution of Telegrapher's Equations
6.4.7 The Leakage Current
6.4.8 Computational Examples for the Horizontal Grounding Electrode
Part II Advanced Models in Bioelectromagnetics
Chapter 7 Human Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields – General Aspects
7.1.1 Low Frequency Exposures
7.1.2 High Frequency Exposures
7.2.1 Coupling to LF Electric Fields
7.2.2 Coupling to LF Magnetic Fields
7.2.3 Absorption of Energy from Electromagnetic Radiation
7.2.4 Indirect Coupling Mechanisms
7.3.1 Effects of ELF Fields
7.3.2 Effects of HF Radiation
7.4 Safety Guidelines and Exposure Limits
Chapter 8 Modeling of Human Exposure to Static and Low Frequency Fields
8.1 Exposure to Static Fields
8.1.1 Finite Element Solution
8.1.2 Boundary Element Solution
8.2 Exposure to Low Frequency (LF) Fields
Chapter 9 Modeling of Human Exposure to High Frequency (HF) Electromagnetic Fields
9.1 Internal Electromagnetic Field Dosimetry Methods
9.1.1 Solution by the Hybrid Finite Element/Boundary Element Approach
9.1.2 Numerical Results for the Human Eye Exposure
9.1.3 Solution by the Method of Moments
9.1.4 Computational Example for the Brain Exposure
9.2 Thermal Dosimetry Procedures
9.2.1 Finite Element Solution of Bio‐Heat Transfer Equation
Chapter 10 Biomedical Applications of Electromagnetic Fields
10.1 Modeling of Induced Fields due to Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) Treatment
10.2 Modeling of Nerve Fiber Excitation
10.2.1 Passive Nerve Fiber
10.2.2 Numerical Results for Passive Nerve Fiber
10.2.3 Active Nerve Fiber
10.2.4 Numerical Results for Active Nerve Fiber
Computational Methods in Electromagnetic Compatibility
：Antenna Theory Approach versus Transmission Line Models
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