Description
The origin of species has fascinated both biologists and the general public since the publication of Darwin's Origin of Species in 1859. Significant progress in understanding the process was achieved in the "modern synthesis," when Theodosius Dobzhansky, Ernst Mayr, and others reconciled Mendelian genetics with Darwin's natural selection. Although evolutionary biologists have developed significant new theory and data about speciation in the years since the modern synthesis, this book represents the first systematic attempt to summarize and generalize what mathematical models tell us about the dynamics of speciation.
Fitness Landscapes and the Origin of Species presents both an overview of the forty years of previous theoretical research and the author's new results. Sergey Gavrilets uses a unified framework based on the notion of fitness landscapes introduced by Sewall Wright in 1932, generalizing this notion to explore the consequences of the huge dimensionality of fitness landscapes that correspond to biological systems.
In contrast to previous theoretical work, which was based largely on numerical simulations, Gavrilets develops simple mathematical models that allow for analytical investigation and clear interpretation in biological terms. Covering controversial topics, including sympatric speciation and the effects of sexual conflict on speciation, this book builds for the first time a general, quantitative theory for the origi
Chapter
3.1.2. Peak shift in a quantitative character
3.1.3. Fixation of compensatory mutations in a two-locus haploid population
3.2. Some consequences of spatial subdivision and density fluctuations
3.2.1. Spatial subdivision
3.2.2. Stochastic transitions in a growing population
3.3. Peak shifts by selection
Box 3.1. Diffusion theory: the probability of fixation
Box 3.2. Diffusion theory: the time to fixation
Box 3.3. Diffusion theory: the duration of transition
4. Nearly neutral networks and holey fitness landscapes
4.1.1. Russian roulette model in two dimensions
4.1.2. Russian roulette model on hypercubes
4.1.3. Generalized Russian roulette model
4.1.4. Multiplicative fitnesses
4.1.5. Stabilizing selection on an additive trait
4.1.6. Models based on the Nk-model
4.2. Neutral networks in RNA landscapes
4.3. Neutral networks in protein landscapes
4.4. Other evidence for nearly neutral networks
4.5. The metaphor of holey fitness landscapes
4.6. Deterministic evolution on a holey landscape
4.6.2. Genetic canalization
4.7. Stochastic evolution on a holey landscape
4.7.2. Dynamics of haploid populations
PART II: THE BATESON-DOBZHANSKY-MULLER MODEL
5. Speciation in the BDM model
5.1. The BDM model of reproductive isolation
5.1.1. Fitness landscapes in the BDM model
5.1.2. The mechanisms of reproductive isolation in the BDM model
5.2. Population genetics in the BDM model
5.2.1. Haploid population
5.2.2. Diploid population
5.3. Dynamics of speciation in the BDM model
5.3.1. Allopatric speciation
5.3.2. Parapatric speciation
Box 5.1. Hitting probability and hitting time in discrete-time Markov chains
Box 5.2. Genetic barrier to gene flow
6. Multidimensional generalizations of the BDM model
6.1. One- and two-locus, multiallele models
6.2.2. Divergent degeneration of duplicated genes
6.2.3. Three- and four-locus models
6.2.4. Accumulation of genetic incompatibilities
6.2.5. Allopatric speciation
6.2.6. Parapatric speciation
7. Spatial patterns in the BDM model
7.1. Individual-based models: spread of mutually incompatible neutral genes
7.1.3. Numerical procedure
7.2. Deme-based models: spread of mutually incompatible neutral genes
7.2.2. Parameters and dynamic characteristics
7.3. Deme-based models: spread of mutually incompatible advantageous genes
7.4. Comment on adaptive radiation
PART III: SPECIATION VI A THE JOINT ACTION OF DISRUPTIVE NATURAL SELECTION AND NONRANDOM MATING
8. Maintenance of genetic variation under disruptive natural selection
8.1. Spatially heterogeneous selection
8.1.2. Two-locus, two-allele haploid version of the Levene model
8.1.3. Restricted migration between two niches
8.1.4. Spatial gradients in selection
8.1.5. Coevolutionary clines
8.2. Spatially uniform disruptive selection
8.2.1. Migration-selection balance: the Karlin-McGregor model
8.2.2. Migration-selection balance: the Bazykin model
8.3. Temporal variation in selection
8.4. Frequency-dependent selection in a single population
8.4.1. Phenomenological approach
8.4.2. Intraspecific competition
8.4.3. Spatially heterogeneous selection and competition
8.4.4. Adaptive dynamics approach
9. Evolution of nonrandom mating and fertilization
9.1. A general framework for modeling nonrandom mating and fertilization
9.1.1. Random mating within mating pools joined preferentially
9.1.2. Preferential mating within mating pools joined randomly
9.2. Similarity-based nonrandom mating
9.2.3. General conclusions on similarity-based nonrandom mating
9.3. Matching-based nonrandom mating
9.3.2. Two polygenic characters
9.3.3. One locus, one character
9.3.4. General conclusions on matching-based nonrandom mating
9.4. Nonrandom mating controlled by a culturally transmitted trait
10. Interaction of disruptive selection and nonrandom mating
10.1. Disruptive selection and similarity-based nonrandom mating
10.1.2. Single quantitative character
10.1.3. Sympatric speciation with culturally transmitted mating preferences
10.2. Disruptive selection and matching-based nonrandom mating
10.2.2. Two polygenic characters
10.3. "Magic trait" models
10.3.2. Two loci: speciation by sexual conflict
10.3.3. Single polygenic character
10.3.4. Two polygenic characters: speciation by sexual selection
10.4. Disruptive selection and modifiers of mating
11.1. The structure of fitness landscapes and speciation
11.2. Allopatric speciation
11.3. Parapatric speciation
11.4. Sympatric speciation
11.5. Some speciation scenarios and patterns
11.6. General rules of evolutionary diversification
11.8. Some open theoretical questions
Fitness Landscapes and the Origin of Species (MPB-41)
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