Chapter
1.4 Why Has Nanotechnology Burst Forth Now?
Chapter 2 Some Physics Fundamentals Pertinent to Nanotechnology
2.2 Some Pertinent Physics Fundamentals
2.2.1 Energy Quantization
2.2.2 Wave–Particle Duality
2.2.3 Particles and Waves
2.2.3.1 Electrons and Probability Waves
2.2.3.2 Photons and E‐M Waves
2.2.4 Some Further Aspects of Quantum Mechanics
2.2.4.3 Quantum Fluctuations
2.2.5 Statistics and Thermodynamics
2.2.5.1 Statistical Mechanics
2.2.5.2 Thermal Fluctuations
Chapter 3 Some Chemistry Fundamentals Pertinent to Nanotechnology
3.2 Some Pertinent Chemistry Fundamentals
3.2.1 The Single Electron Atom
3.2.2 Multielectron Atoms
3.2.3.1 Functionalized Nanoparticles
3.2.3.2 Nanoparticle Assembly
3.2.4 Chemical Bonding of Atoms, Molecules, and Nanoparticles
3.2.4.5 Permanent Dipole Bonding
3.2.4.6 Fluctuating Dipole Bonding
3.2.4.7 Philicity and Phobicity Interactions
3.3 Supramolecular Chemistry
Chapter 4 Some Biology and Biochemistry Fundamentals Pertinent to Nanotechnology
4.2 Some Pertinent Biology and Biochemistry Fundamentals
4.2.1 Cells, Biomolecules, and Machinery
4.2.2 The Molecules of Life
4.4 Microbes, Molecules, and Nanomaterials
4.5 Applying Biology to Nanotechnology Systems
Chapter 5 Some Materials Science Fundamentals Pertinent to Nanotechnology
5.2 Some Materials Fundamentals
5.2.1 Structure of a Solid
5.2.2 Quantum State of a Solid
5.2.2.1 Valence Electron states in a 3‐D Solid
5.2.2.2 Vibration Modes in a 3‐D Solid
5.2.2.3 Valence Electron States in 2‐D Solids
5.2.2.4 Vibration Modes in 2‐D Solids
5.2.2.5 Valence Electron States in 1‐D Materials
5.2.2.6 Vibration Modes in 1‐D Materials
5.2.2.7 Valence Electron States in 0‐D Materials
5.2.2.8 Vibration Modes in 0‐D Materials
5.2.2.9 Topological Materials
5.2.3 Spin and Orbital Angular Magnetic Moment in Solids
Chapter 6 Properties of Nanotechnology Materials
6.2 Material Properties and the Nanoscale
6.2.1 Electrical Conduction Properties of Nanomaterials
6.2.2 Optical Properties of Nanomaterials
6.2.3 Magnetic Properties of Nanomaterials
6.2.4 Catalytic Properties
6.2.5 Thermal and Thermoelectric Properties
6.2.6 Mechanical Properties
Chapter 7 An Overview of Nanotechnology Characterization Approaches
7.2 Visible Range Light: Optical Microscopy
7.3 Probe Nanocharacterization Methods
7.3.1.1 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)
7.3.1.2 Electrostatic Force Microscopy (EFM)
7.3.1.3 Magnetic Force Microscopy (MFM)
7.3.1.4 Kelvin Probe Force Microscope (KPFM)
7.3.1.5 Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM)
7.3.2 Probe Spectroscopies
7.3.2.1 Scanning Tunneling Spectroscopy (STS)
7.3.2.2 Tip‐Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (TERS)
7.4 Further E‐M Radiation‐Based Nanoscale Characterization Methods
7.4.1 Nonvisible E‐M Radiation Microscopies
7.4.2 E‐M Radiation‐Driven Spectroscopies
7.4.2.1 X‐ray Diffraction (XRD)
7.4.2.2 Small Angle X‐ray Scattering (SAXS)
7.4.2.3 Photoelectron Spectroscopies
7.4.2.4 Infrared Spectroscopy
7.4.2.5 Raman Spectroscopies
7.4.2.6 E‐M Radiation Driven Mass Spectroscopy
7.5 Electron Beam Nanocharacterization Methods
7.5.1 Electron Beam Microscopies
7.5.1.1 Transmission Electron Microscopy
7.5.1.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy
7.5.1.3 Scanning Auger Microscopy (SAM)
7.5.2 Electron‐Beam‐Based Spectroscopies
7.5.2.1 Characteristic X‐ray Emission Spectroscopies
7.5.2.2 Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES)
7.5.2.3 Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (EELS)
7.5.2.4 Low‐ and High‐Energy Electron Diffraction
7.6 Ion Beam Nanocharacterization Techniques
7.6.1 Ion Beam Microscopy
7.6.1.1 Scanning Helium Ion Microscopy (SHIM)
7.6.1.2 Atom Probe Field Ion Microscope (AP‐FIM)
7.6.2 Ion Beam Driven Spectroscopies
7.6.2.1 Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy (SIMS)
7.6.2.2 Low‐Energy Ion Scattering (LEIS)
7.7 Neutral Particle Beam Nanocharacterization Techniques
Chapter 8 Nanomaterial Preparation and Device Fabrication: Nonbiological Approaches
8.2 Materials Preparation
8.2.1 Physical Preparation Methods
8.2.1.1 Milling Processes
8.2.1.2 Physical Vapor Deposition Processes
8.2.1.3 Physical Ion Beam Processing
8.2.1.4 Langmuir–Blodgett Deposition
8.2.2 Chemical Preparation Methods
8.2.2.1 Colloidal Chemistry
8.2.2.2 Sol–Gel Processing
8.2.2.3 Surfactant Self‐Assemblies: Micelles and Microemulsions Processing
8.2.2.4 Structured Polymers Processing
8.2.2.5 Nanocomposite Formation
8.2.2.6 Chemical Vapor Deposition Processes
8.2.2.7 Epitaxial Growth Techniques
8.2.2.8 Focused Ion Beam Deposition
8.3.1 Pattern Orchestration
Chapter 9 Nanomaterial Preparation and Device Fabrication: Biologically Based Approaches
9.2 Biologically Based Materials Preparation
9.2.1 Nanomaterial Biosynthesis Using Plant Substances
9.2.2 Material Biosynthesis Using Eukaryotic Cells
9.2.3 Material Biosynthesis Using Prokaryotic Cells
9.2.4 Nanomaterial Biosynthesis Using Viruses
9.2.5 Nanomaterials Biosynthesis Using Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins
9.3 Biologically Based Fabrication – Bionanofabrication
9.3.1 Bionanofabrication Using Cell Structures
9.3.2 Bionanofabrication Using Viruses
9.3.3 Bionanofabrication Using DNA
9.3.4 Bionanofabrication Using Proteins
9.3.5 Bionanofabrication Using Peptides
Chapter 10 Nanotechnology and Engineering: Computing, Communications, Imaging, and Sensing
10.5 Nano‐Optoelectronics
Chapter 11 Nanotechnology and Engineering: Materials, Energy Technologies, the Environment, Food and Agriculture, and Chemical Processes
11.2 Some Basic Materials
11.4.1 Super‐Capacitor Energy Conversion
11.4.2 Chemical Energy Conversion Technology
11.4.3 Photovoltaic Energy Conversion
11.5 Environmental Engineering
11.6 Food and Agriculture
Chapter 12 Nanotechnology and Medicine: NP Targeting for Therapy and Imaging
12.2 Some Current and Future Targeting Therapy and Imaging Opportunities
12.2.1 NP Targeting for Cancer
12.2.2 NP Targeting for Cardiovascular Diseases
12.2.3 NP Targeting for Pulmonary Diseases or Infections
12.2.4 NP Targeting for Neurological Disorders
Chapter 13 Nanotechnology and Medicine: Devices and Materials
13.2 Some Current and Future Devices and Materials
13.2.1.1 Nanoelectronics and Nanosensors
13.2.1.2 Nanomechanical Devices
13.2.1.3 Lab‐on‐a‐Chip Devices
13.2.2.1 Scaffolds for Tissue Growth
13.2.2.2 Injectable and Implantable Materials
Chapter 14 Nanotechnology: The Risks
14.2 Key Factors Influencing Nanomaterial Toxicity
14.3 NP Entry Routes and Some Possible Resulting Diseases
14.3.1 Entry by Inhalation
14.3.3 Entry by Ingestion
14.4 Nanoparticle Clearance Routes
14.5 Nanoparticle Translocation through Biological Barriers
14.6 Overall Effects of Nanoparticles
14.7.1.1 Inhalation Approach
14.7.1.2 “Nose – Only” Approach
14.7.1.3 Intra‐Tracheal Instillation Approach
14.7.1.4 Feed/Gavage Approach
14.7.1.5 Cutaneous Contact Approach
14.7.1.6 Injection Approach
14.8 Nanotoxicology Limitations
Chapter 15 Nanotechnology: Economic, Environmental, Societal, and Health Impact
15.2 Nanotechnology and the Economy
15.3 Nanotechnology and the Environment
15.4 Nanotechnology and Society
15.4.1 Public Engagement and Consumer Acceptance
15.4.2 Nanotechnology and Ethics
15.5 Nanotechnology and Health
15.5.1 Regulatory Aspects
15.5.2 Workplace and Consumer Protection
15.5.3 Labeling Requirements
Appendix A Canonical Ensemble Statistics
A.2 Thermodynamic Quantities
Appendix B Fermi–Dirac Statistics
B.3 Thermodynamic Quantities
Appendix C Bose–Einstein Statistics
C.2 Thermodynamic Quantities
Engineering, Medicine and Science at the Nano-Scale
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