Development of Myeloid Dendritic Cells under the Influence of Sexual Hormones Visualized using Scanning and Transmission Electron Microscopy
( Modern Electron Microscopy in Physical and Life Sciences )
Publication series ： Modern Electron Microscopy in Physical and Life Sciences
Author： Josef Neumüller Sylvia Emanuela Neumüller-Guber JohannesHuber Adolf Ellinger and Thomas Wagner
Publisher： IntechOpen
Publication year： 2016
E-ISBN: INT6049462310
P-ISBN(Paperback): 9789535122524
P-ISBN(Hardback): 9789535122524
Subject： Q1 General Biology
Keyword： 普通生物学
Language： ENG
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Development of Myeloid Dendritic Cells under the Influence of Sexual Hormones Visualized using Scanning and Transmission Electron Microscopy
Description
Dendritic cells (DCs) are antigen-presenting cells, which are mediated by MHC-class II molecules reacting with T-helper cells, eliciting a broad spectrum of immune reactions at cellular and humoral levels depending on their subtypes. DCs are also able to cross-present peptides from intracellular proteins as well as from intracellular pathogens via MHC-class I molecules by inducing MHC-class I–restricted cytotoxic T cells, which are also able to destroy cells undergoing malignant transformation. DCs originate from CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells but can also develop from monocytes. The local or systemic milieu of cytokines and steroid hormones significantly influences the generation of particular DC subtypes such as the classical myeloid DCs such as cDC1 and cDC2 as well as the plasmacytoid DCs. These subtypes are able to induce specific Th1- and Th17-dependent, Th2-dependent, or regulatory immune responses, respectively. Immature DCs take up extracellular pathogens that are presented by MHC molecules that are upregulated during maturation. Immature and mature DCs can be characterized by morphological and biochemical features that are outlined in this article. In addition, DCs are under control of sexual hormones. Estrogen receptor ligands are potent modulators of hemopoiesis and immune function in health and disease, influencing key cytokines promoting the maturation of DCs. DC differentiation is mainly regulated by binding of estradiol to ERα. Estrogen promotes the different
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