Chapter 16 The Effect of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus on the Dento-Craniofacial Complex

1. Introduction

2. Effect of T1DM on Bone

2.1. Types of Bone formation in craniofacial complex

2.2. Causes of growth problems

2.3. Effect of DM on Bone and Growth

2.4. Outline of studying the effect of diabetes mellitus on craniofacial growth

2.5. Animal and Experimental diabetic Model

2.6. Diabetic model

2.7. Importance of testing the uncontrolled diabetic condition

2.8. Inducing diabetic condition

2.9. Analytic studies conducted to test the effect of diabetic condition on craniofacial growth

2.9.1. Changes in the Total Skull

2.9.2. Changes in the Neurocranium

2.9.3. Changes in the Viscerocranium

2.9.4. Changes in the Mandible

2.9.5. Changes in the Transverse X-ray

2.10. Histomorphometric analysis

2.10.1. Fluorescent dyes used for double labeling in histomorphometric analysis

2.10.2. Calcein administrations and sections preparation

2.10.3. Method of analysis

2.10.4. Histomorphometric indices

2.10.5. Microtomography of the mandible (Micro-CT)

2.10.6. Protocol adopted to examine the mandible using Micro-CT

2.10.7. Microtomography of the DM mandible

2.10.8. Procedure for preparing mandibles for histological analysis

2.10.9. TRAP staining

2.10.10. Histological analysis

2.11. Suggested mechanisms for the effect of diabetic condition on craniofacial complex

3. Effect of Type 1 Diabetes on teeth susceptibility to caries

3.1. Tooth formation

3.2. Effects of Type 1 Diabetes on tooth mineral composition

3.3. Effects of Type 1 Diabetes on salivary status

4. Conclusions

Author details

References