Chapter 5 Microbial Degradation of Persistent Organophosphorus Flame Retardants

1. Introduction

1.1. Flame retardants

1.2. Organophosphorus flame retardants

1.3. Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate and tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate

1.4. Occurrence and behavior of TDCPP and TCEP in the environment

1.4.1. TDCPP

1.4.2. TCEP

1.5. Toxicological information of TDCPP and TCEP

1.5.1. TDCPP

1.5.2. TCEP

1.6. Removal technique for TDCPP and TCEP

2. Microbial degradation and detoxification of TDCPP and TCEP

2.1. Isolation and characterization of TDCPP- and TCEP-degrading bacteria

2.1.1. Enrichment of TCEP and TDCPP-degrading bacteria

2.1.1.1. Enrichment cultivation of TCEP and TDCPP-degrading bacteria

2.1.1.2. 2-CE and 1,3-DCP degradation ability of enrichment cultures

2.1.1.3. Effect of exogenous phosphate on the degradation ability of enrichment cultures

2.1.1.4. Bacterial communities of enrichment cultures

2.1.2. Isolation and characterization of TDCPP- and TCEP-degrading bacteria

2.1.2.1. Isolation of TDCPP- and TCEP-degrading bacteria

2.1.2.2. Identification of TDCPP- and TCEP-degrading bacteria

2.1.2.3. Degradation ability of TCEP and TDCPP-degrading bacteria

2.2. Microbial detoxification of TDCPP and TCEP by two bacterial strains

2.2.1. Microbial detoxification of TDCPP using Sphingobium sp. strain TCM1 and Arthrobacter sp. strain PY1

2.2.1.1. Freezing and lyophilization of strains TCM1 and PY1 cells

2.2.1.2. Optimum TDCPP and 1,3-DCP degradation conditions of strains TCM1 and PY1

2.2.1.3. Complete detoxification of TDCPP by mixed bacteria cells

2.2.2. Microbial detoxification of TCEP using Sphingobium sp. strain TCM1 and Xanthobacter autotrophicus strain GJ10

2.2.2.1. Optimum TCEP degradation condition of strain TCM1

2.2.2.2. Optimum 2-CE degradation condition of strain GJ10

2.2.2.3. Complete detoxification of TCEP by two bacterial strains

3. Concluding remarks

Acknowledgements

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References