Chapter
1.2. What Do We Mean by “Signalling” and “Asymmetric Information”?
1.3. What Do We Mean by “Certification”, “Accreditation”, and “Authorisation”?
1.4. Data-Gathering Methodology
2.1. What is the Status of Translators in Official Categorisations?
2.1.1. General classifications of economic activities
2.1.2. Census categories and national statistics
2.1.3. Status in taxation systems
2.1.4. Status in social security systems
2.1.5. Special status for literary translators
2.2. What is the Relative Status of Educational Qualifications and Training?
2.2.1. Qualifications required to work as a translator
2.2.2. Recruitment of translators by intergovernmental institutions
2.2.3. Recruitment of translators by national governments
2.2.4. Recruitment of translators by translation companies
2.3. The Status of Translators of Official Documents
2.3.1. Previous research on legal translators
2.3.2. What is the difference between “sworn”, “authorised”, and “legal” translation?
2.3.3. Geographical distribution of systems
2.3.3.1. Certified translations
2.3.3.2. Sworn or state-authorised translators
2.3.3.3. Academically authorised sworn translators
2.3.4. Revalidation of authorisation
2.3.5. Numbers of authorised or sworn translators
2.3.6. Cross-country recognition
2.3.7. The value of educational qualifications for sworn translators
2.4. The Role of Translator Associations
2.4.1. Admission criteria
2.4.2. Longevity and size
2.4.3. Specialisation and fragmentation
2.4.4. Services offered by translator associations
2.4.5. The relative market value of association membership
3.1.2. Translator training
3.1.3. Translator associations
3.1.4. Census, taxation, and social security
3.1.5. Sworn and authorised translators
3.1.6. Summary of the status of translators in Germany
3.2.2. Translator training
3.2.3. Translator associations
3.2.4. Census, taxation, and social security
3.2.5. Authorised and certified translators
3.2.7. Summary of the status of translators in Romania
3.3.2. Translator training
3.3.3. Translator associations
3.3.4. Census, taxation, and social security
3.3.5. Sworn and authorised translators
3.3.6. Summary of the status of translators in Slovenia
3.4.2. Translator training
3.4.3. Translator associations
3.4.4. Census, taxation, and social security
3.4.6. Summary of the status of translators in the United Kingdom
3.5.2. Translator training
3.5.3. Translator associations
3.5.4. Census, taxation, and social security
3.5.6. Summary of the status of translators in Spain
3.6.2. Translator training
3.6.3. Translator associations
3.6.4. Census, taxation, and social security
3.6.6. Translator certification (ATA)
3.6.7. Summary of the status of translators in the United States
3.7.2. Translator training
3.7.3. Translator associations
3.7.4. Census, taxation, and social security
3.7.6. Summary of the status of translators in Canada
3.8.2. Translator training
3.8.3. Translator associations
3.8.4. Census, taxation, and social security
3.8.5. Sworn and accredited translators
3.8.6. Translator accreditation (NAATI)
3.8.7. Summary of the status of translators in Australia
Chapter 4 SOCIOLOGICAL MODELLING
4.1. Models of Professionalisation
4.2. The Changing Role of Translator Associations
4.3. A Majority of Women – So What?
4.4. A Profession of Part-Timers and Freelancers?
4.4.1. Part-time employment
4.5. The Role of Employer Groups
4.6. Comparison between Translators and Computer Engineers as Emerging Professions
4.6.1. Educational requirements
4.6.2. Plurality of certification systems
4.6.3. First-party vs. second-party certification
4.6.4. Academic vs. industry certification
Chapter 5 ECONOMIC MODELLING
5.1. Information on Rates of Pay
5.2. Estimations of Earning Equations
5.2.1. Methodological aspects
5.2.2. Basic descriptive statistics
5.2.3. Determinants of price per word
5.2.4. Determinants of translators’ hourly rate
5.2.5. Determinants of translators’ full-time equivalent income (FTEI)
5.2.6. Concluding comments
5.3. Asymmetric Information, Signalling, and Equilibrium on the Market for Translations
Chapter 6 POLICY OPTIONS FOR ENHANCED SIGNALLING
6.1. Free Market or Controlled Entry?
6.3. Signalling as a Commodity or a Service?
6.4. Modes of Possible Intervention
6.4.2. A European Professional Card for authorised/sworn translators?
6.4.3. A Common Platform for authorised/sworn translators?
6.4.4. An apostille for authorised/sworn translations?
6.4.5. Accreditation of certifying bodies
6.4.6. Accreditation of training programmes
6.4.7. Standard European professional examinations
6.4.8. Summary of policy options
Chapter 7 RECOMMENDATIONS
Appendix A TRANSLATOR ASSOCIATIONS: YEARS OF FOUNDATION AND NUMBERS OF MEMBERS
Appendix B WHY THERE ARE ABOUT 333,000 PROFESSIONAL TRANSLATORS AND INTERPRETERS IN THE WORLD
Appendix C ONLINE TRANSLATOR–CLIENT CONTACT SERVICES: NEW MODES OF SIGNALLING STATUS
Appendix D TYPES AND USE OF ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVES ON TRANSLATION
Appendix E EQUILIBRIUM ON THE TRANSLATION MARKET
4. Sociological Modelling
6. Policy Options for Enhanced Signalling
NOTES ON THE RESEARCH TEAM
The Status of the Translation Profession in the European Union
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