Environmental Medicine ( 2 )

Publication series :2

Author: Howe   G Melvyn;Loraine   John A  

Publisher: Elsevier Science‎

Publication year: 2013

E-ISBN: 9781483192871

P-ISBN(Paperback): 9780433153511

Subject: R19 health care organizations with enterprise (Health Management)

Keyword: 预防医学、卫生学,药学

Language: ENG

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Description

Environmental Medicine, Second Edition stresses the importance of the medicine of the environment and emphasizes the advantages which must emanate from a multidisciplinary approach to the method in which environmental factors impinge on the health and wellbeing of the human race.

The selection first offers information on the environment, its influences, and hazards to health and trace element concentrations in various environments. Discussions focus on the possible relationships between trace element imbalances and diseases; biological concentration of trace elements; variable relationships between trace elements in soils and vegetables; and trace element concentrations in mining areas. The text then ponders on radiation and health hazards and water in relation to human disease.

The manuscript underscores the relationship of weather and climate to health and disease and air pollution in relation to human disease. Topics include effect of meteorological stimuli on normal physiological processes in healthy subjects; effect of weather and climate on miscellaneous biological phenomena in man; and therapeutic applications of human biometeorology. The ecological approach to pesticides and its importance to human disease and the patterns of infectious diseases in developed countries in relation to environmental factors are also discussed.

The selection is a dependable source material for health experts and readers interested in environmental medicine.

Chapter

MAN'S INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT

MAN'S INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT

Further Reading

Further Reading

Chapter 2. Some Trace Element Concentrations in Various Environments

Chapter 2. Some Trace Element Concentrations in Various Environments

INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION

GEOGRAPHICAL BACKGROUNDS

GEOGRAPHICAL BACKGROUNDS

THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION AND THE POPULATION EXPLOSION

THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION AND THE POPULATION EXPLOSION

CHANGING PATTERNS OF FOOD SUPPLY

CHANGING PATTERNS OF FOOD SUPPLY

REPORTED 'NORMAL' CONCENTRATIONS OF SELECTED TRACE ELEMENTS IN THE EARTH'S CRUST AND IN SOILS

REPORTED 'NORMAL' CONCENTRATIONS OF SELECTED TRACE ELEMENTS IN THE EARTH'S CRUST AND IN SOILS

TRACE ELEMENT CONTENTS OF SOME URBAN SOILS

TRACE ELEMENT CONTENTS OF SOME URBAN SOILS

TRACE ELEMENT CONTENTS OF SOME URBAN DUSTS

TRACE ELEMENT CONTENTS OF SOME URBAN DUSTS

INDUSTRIAL CONTAMINATION

INDUSTRIAL CONTAMINATION

UNEXPLAINED ANOMALOUS SOILS

UNEXPLAINED ANOMALOUS SOILS

TRACE ELEMENT CONCENTRATIONS IN MINING AREAS

TRACE ELEMENT CONCENTRATIONS IN MINING AREAS

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TRACE ELEMENTS IN WET, DRY AND ASHED MATERIALS

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TRACE ELEMENTS IN WET, DRY AND ASHED MATERIALS

'NORMAL' TRACE ELEMENT CONTENT OF SOME VEGETABLES

'NORMAL' TRACE ELEMENT CONTENT OF SOME VEGETABLES

ABNORMAL OR ANOMALOUS CONCENTRATIONS OF TRACE ELEMENTS IN VEGETABLES

ABNORMAL OR ANOMALOUS CONCENTRATIONS OF TRACE ELEMENTS IN VEGETABLES

FERTILISERS AS SOURCES OF CONTAMINATION

FERTILISERS AS SOURCES OF CONTAMINATION

VARIABLE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN TRACE ELEMENTS IN SOILS AND VEGETABLES

VARIABLE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN TRACE ELEMENTS IN SOILS AND VEGETABLES

TRACE ELEMENTS IN THE ATMOSPHERE

TRACE ELEMENTS IN THE ATMOSPHERE

TRACE ELEMENTS IN WATER

TRACE ELEMENTS IN WATER

TRACE ELEMENTS IN HUMAN DIETS

TRACE ELEMENTS IN HUMAN DIETS

BIOLOGICAL CONCENTRATION OF TRACE ELEMENTS

BIOLOGICAL CONCENTRATION OF TRACE ELEMENTS

POSSIBLE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN TRACE ELEMENT IMBALANCES AND SOME DISEASES

POSSIBLE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN TRACE ELEMENT IMBALANCES AND SOME DISEASES

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

Acknowledgments

Acknowledgments

Bibliography

Bibliography

Chapter 3. Radiation and Health Hazards

Chapter 3. Radiation and Health Hazards

INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION

NATURE OF RADIATION AND RADIOACTIVITY

NATURE OF RADIATION AND RADIOACTIVITY

SOMATIC EFFECTS OF RADIATION

SOMATIC EFFECTS OF RADIATION

GENETIC EFFECTS OF RADIATION

GENETIC EFFECTS OF RADIATION

SOURCES OF RADIATION EXPOSURE

SOURCES OF RADIATION EXPOSURE

CONTROL OF EXPOSURE

CONTROL OF EXPOSURE

STUDIES OF THE CANCER MORTALITY IN EXPOSED PERSONS

STUDIES OF THE CANCER MORTALITY IN EXPOSED PERSONS

Acknowledgements

Acknowledgements

References

References

Chapter 4. Water in Relation to Human Disease

Chapter 4. Water in Relation to Human Disease

DEPRIVATION OF WATER

DEPRIVATION OF WATER

DEPLETION OF ESSENTIAL CONSTITUENTS

DEPLETION OF ESSENTIAL CONSTITUENTS

CHEMICAL WATER POLLUTION

CHEMICAL WATER POLLUTION

BACTERIAL POLLUTION

BACTERIAL POLLUTION

VIRAL POLLUTION

VIRAL POLLUTION

SPIROCHAETAL POLLUTION

SPIROCHAETAL POLLUTION

PROTOZOAL POLLUTION

PROTOZOAL POLLUTION

WATER-BORNE WORM INFESTATION

WATER-BORNE WORM INFESTATION

THE SEA

THE SEA

CONCLUSION

CONCLUSION

References

References

Chapter 5. The Relationship of Weather and Climate to Health and Disease

Chapter 5. The Relationship of Weather and Climate to Health and Disease

INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION

BASIC METEOROLOGICAL CONCEPTS

BASIC METEOROLOGICAL CONCEPTS

PRINCIPAL CENTRES OF THE HUMAN BODY REGISTERING METEOROLOGICAL STIMULI, AND THE PHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS INVOLVED

PRINCIPAL CENTRES OF THE HUMAN BODY REGISTERING METEOROLOGICAL STIMULI, AND THE PHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS INVOLVED

THE EFFECT OF METEOROLOGICAL STIMULI ON NORMAL PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSES IN HEALTHY SUBJECTS

THE EFFECT OF METEOROLOGICAL STIMULI ON NORMAL PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSES IN HEALTHY SUBJECTS

THE EFFECT OF WEATHER AND CLIMATE ON MISCELLANEOUS BIOLOGICAL PHENOMENA IN MAN

THE EFFECT OF WEATHER AND CLIMATE ON MISCELLANEOUS BIOLOGICAL PHENOMENA IN MAN

THE EFFECT OF WEATHER AND CLIMATE ON HUMAN DISEASES

THE EFFECT OF WEATHER AND CLIMATE ON HUMAN DISEASES

THERAPEUTIC APPLICATIONS OF HUMAN BIOMETEOROLOGY

THERAPEUTIC APPLICATIONS OF HUMAN BIOMETEOROLOGY

ARCHITECTURAL AND URBAN APPLICATIONS OF BIOMETEOROLOGY

ARCHITECTURAL AND URBAN APPLICATIONS OF BIOMETEOROLOGY

References

References

Chapter 6. Air Pollution in Relation to Human Disease

Chapter 6. Air Pollution in Relation to Human Disease

THE ACUTE URBAN AIR POLLUTION INCIDENT

THE ACUTE URBAN AIR POLLUTION INCIDENT

THE EFFECTS OF PROLONGED EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION

THE EFFECTS OF PROLONGED EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION

THE EFFECTS OF MOTOR EXHAUST FUMES

THE EFFECTS OF MOTOR EXHAUST FUMES

CARBON MONOXIDE

CARBON MONOXIDE

NITROGEN OXIDES

NITROGEN OXIDES

HYDROCARBONS

HYDROCARBONS

PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTIONS AND AIR POLLUTION

PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTIONS AND AIR POLLUTION

LEAD

LEAD

OTHER POLLUTANTS

OTHER POLLUTANTS

CONCLUSIONS

CONCLUSIONS

References

References

Chapter 7. The Ecological Approach to Pesticides and its Relevance to Human Disease

Chapter 7. The Ecological Approach to Pesticides and its Relevance to Human Disease

INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION

PESTICIDES

PESTICIDES

WIDESPREAD OCCURRENCE OF PERSISTENT COMPOUNDS AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS IN ECOSYSTEMS

WIDESPREAD OCCURRENCE OF PERSISTENT COMPOUNDS AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS IN ECOSYSTEMS

ECOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE

ECOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE

References

References

Chapter 8. Patterns of Infectious Diseases in Developed Countries in Relation to Environmental Factors

Chapter 8. Patterns of Infectious Diseases in Developed Countries in Relation to Environmental Factors

INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION

LIVING CONDITIONS

LIVING CONDITIONS

PROTECTIVE PROGRAMMES AND THEIR EFFECTIVENESS

PROTECTIVE PROGRAMMES AND THEIR EFFECTIVENESS

SOCIAL DISEASES

SOCIAL DISEASES

MENTAL HEALTH

MENTAL HEALTH

HOSPITAL INFECTIONS

HOSPITAL INFECTIONS

AIR POLLUTION

AIR POLLUTION

TRANSPORT

TRANSPORT

INDUSTRIAL INJURIES

INDUSTRIAL INJURIES

CONCLUSION

CONCLUSION

References

References

Chapter 9. Diseases of Affluence

Chapter 9. Diseases of Affluence

CHANGING PREVALENCE WITH CHANGING CUSTOMS

CHANGING PREVALENCE WITH CHANGING CUSTOMS

CHANGING PREVALENCES ON EMIGRATION

CHANGING PREVALENCES ON EMIGRATION

INESCAPABLE CONCLUSIONS

INESCAPABLE CONCLUSIONS

SELECTING THE MOST LIKELY SUSPECTS

SELECTING THE MOST LIKELY SUSPECTS

PROPERTIES OF FIBRE

PROPERTIES OF FIBRE

HOW MIGHT DIETARY FIBRE PROTECT FROM DISEASE?

HOW MIGHT DIETARY FIBRE PROTECT FROM DISEASE?

MEASURES RECOMMENDED TO REDUCE DISEASE INCIDENCE

MEASURES RECOMMENDED TO REDUCE DISEASE INCIDENCE

References

References

Chapter 10. Environmental and Other Risk Indicators in the Aetiology of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Disease

Chapter 10. Environmental and Other Risk Indicators in the Aetiology of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Disease

CORONARY HEART DISEASE (CHD)

CORONARY HEART DISEASE (CHD)

CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE

CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE

HYPERTENSIVE HEART DISEASE

HYPERTENSIVE HEART DISEASE

Conclusion

Conclusion

Acknowledgement

Acknowledgement

Chapter Notes

Chapter Notes

References

References

Chapter 11. Environmental Influences in Cancer Aetiology

Chapter 11. Environmental Influences in Cancer Aetiology

HOST-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS

HOST-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS

CURRENT VIEWS OF AETIOLOGY

CURRENT VIEWS OF AETIOLOGY

EVIDENCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL ROLE

EVIDENCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL ROLE

ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS

ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS

PREVENTION

PREVENTION

Acknowledgements

Acknowledgements

References

References

Chapter 12. The Environment and Thyroid Disorders

Chapter 12. The Environment and Thyroid Disorders

The Geological Basis of Iodine Deficiency

The Geological Basis of Iodine Deficiency

Iodine Requirements

Iodine Requirements

Measurement of Iodine Balance

Measurement of Iodine Balance

Simple Goitre—Endemic and Sporadic

Simple Goitre—Endemic and Sporadic

Evidence for Endemic Goitre being Associated with Iodine Deficiency

Evidence for Endemic Goitre being Associated with Iodine Deficiency

Evidence Against Iodine Deficiency being the Cause of Endemic Goitre

Evidence Against Iodine Deficiency being the Cause of Endemic Goitre

Sporadic Goitre

Sporadic Goitre

Causes of Simple Goitre other than Iodine Deficiency

Causes of Simple Goitre other than Iodine Deficiency

Testing Trait Hypothesis

Testing Trait Hypothesis

Goitre Associated with too much Iodide

Goitre Associated with too much Iodide

Role of Minerals in Goitre Formation

Role of Minerals in Goitre Formation

Role of Infection in Goitre Formation

Role of Infection in Goitre Formation

Summary of the Effect of the Environment on the Induction of Simple Goitre

Summary of the Effect of the Environment on the Induction of Simple Goitre

Endemic Cretinism, Deaf-Mutism and Feeble-Mindedness

Endemic Cretinism, Deaf-Mutism and Feeble-Mindedness

Hypothyroidism

Hypothyroidism

Thyrotoxicosis

Thyrotoxicosis

Pre-existing Goitre and Iodide Intake in Relation to Onset of Thyrotoxicosis

Pre-existing Goitre and Iodide Intake in Relation to Onset of Thyrotoxicosis

Stress

Stress

Infection as a Cause of Thyrotoxicosis

Infection as a Cause of Thyrotoxicosis

Thyroid Cancer

Thyroid Cancer

The Effect of other Physical Stimuli on the Thyroid

The Effect of other Physical Stimuli on the Thyroid

References

References

Chapter 13. Environmental Factors in Relation to Obstetrics

Chapter 13. Environmental Factors in Relation to Obstetrics

THE EFFECT OF INDUSTRIALISATION ON CHILDBEARING

THE EFFECT OF INDUSTRIALISATION ON CHILDBEARING

STANDARDS OF OBSTETRIC CARE

STANDARDS OF OBSTETRIC CARE

PERINATAL DEATH RATES FROM MALFORMATIONS OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

PERINATAL DEATH RATES FROM MALFORMATIONS OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

LOW BIRTH WEIGHT

LOW BIRTH WEIGHT

PERINATAL MORTALITY IN BRITAIN SINCE 1958

PERINATAL MORTALITY IN BRITAIN SINCE 1958

SOCIAL AND OBSTETRICAL FACTORS IN MENTAL SUBNORMALITY

SOCIAL AND OBSTETRICAL FACTORS IN MENTAL SUBNORMALITY

CANCER OF THE CERVIX

CANCER OF THE CERVIX

Conclusions

Conclusions

References

References

Chapter 14. Environmental Factors in Gynaecological Conditions

Chapter 14. Environmental Factors in Gynaecological Conditions

CARCINOMA OF THE OVARY

CARCINOMA OF THE OVARY

CARCINOMA OF THE CERVIX UTERI

CARCINOMA OF THE CERVIX UTERI

AGE AT MENARCHE

AGE AT MENARCHE

THE MENOPAUSE

THE MENOPAUSE

CONCLUSIONS

CONCLUSIONS

References

References

Chapter 15. Venereal Diseases in Contemporary Societies

Chapter 15. Venereal Diseases in Contemporary Societies

DEFINITION

DEFINITION

EXTENT OF THE PROBLEM

EXTENT OF THE PROBLEM

POPULATION AT RISK

POPULATION AT RISK

REASONS FOR RESURGENCE IN VENEREAL DISEASES

REASONS FOR RESURGENCE IN VENEREAL DISEASES

References

References

Chapter 16. Alcoholism as a Reflection of Environment

Chapter 16. Alcoholism as a Reflection of Environment

INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION

CONCEPT OF ALCOHOLISM

CONCEPT OF ALCOHOLISM

DRINKING PATTERNS

DRINKING PATTERNS

AVAILABILITY

AVAILABILITY

OCCUPATION

OCCUPATION

DEVELOPMENT OF DRINKING HABITS

DEVELOPMENT OF DRINKING HABITS

STRESS

STRESS

SKID ROW

SKID ROW

CONCLUSION

CONCLUSION

References

References

Chapter 17. Drug Dependence in Contemporary Societies

Chapter 17. Drug Dependence in Contemporary Societies

NORMAL DRUG USE

NORMAL DRUG USE

DRUGS LIABLE TO ABUSE

DRUGS LIABLE TO ABUSE

CONCLUSION

CONCLUSION

References

References

Chapter 18. Mental Health and the Environment

Chapter 18. Mental Health and the Environment

BIOLOGICAL FACTORS AND MENTAL ILLNESS

BIOLOGICAL FACTORS AND MENTAL ILLNESS

PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENTS AND MENTAL ILLNESS

PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENTS AND MENTAL ILLNESS

THE SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT AND MENTAL ILLNESS

THE SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT AND MENTAL ILLNESS

SOME CONCLUSIONS

SOME CONCLUSIONS

Bibliography

Bibliography

Chapter 19. Old Age

Chapter 19. Old Age

DEMOGRAPHIC CONSIDERATIONS

DEMOGRAPHIC CONSIDERATIONS

FACTORS LEADING TO AGEING OF POPULATIONS

FACTORS LEADING TO AGEING OF POPULATIONS

REASONS FOR CHANGES IN LIFE EXPECTATION

REASONS FOR CHANGES IN LIFE EXPECTATION

AGEING IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

AGEING IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

GENETIC INFLUENCES UPON LIFESPAN

GENETIC INFLUENCES UPON LIFESPAN

SEX AND LONGEVITY

SEX AND LONGEVITY

ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS UPON LIFESPAN

ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS UPON LIFESPAN

ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS. THEIR INFLUENCE UPON HEALTH IN OLD AGE

ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS. THEIR INFLUENCE UPON HEALTH IN OLD AGE

SPECIAL FACTORS RELATING TO OLD AGE

SPECIAL FACTORS RELATING TO OLD AGE

References

References

Chapter 20. The Geography of Genes

Chapter 20. The Geography of Genes

WORLD DISTRIBUTION

WORLD DISTRIBUTION

REGIONAL AND LOCAL DISTRIBUTION

REGIONAL AND LOCAL DISTRIBUTION

GEOGRAPHICAL FACTORS IN GENE FLOW

GEOGRAPHICAL FACTORS IN GENE FLOW

DISCUSSION

DISCUSSION

References

References

Chapter 21. Jet-borne Pestilences: Today and Tomorrow

Chapter 21. Jet-borne Pestilences: Today and Tomorrow

THE JET AGE

THE JET AGE

NEW INTERNATIONAL HEALTH REGULATIONS

NEW INTERNATIONAL HEALTH REGULATIONS

EXOTIC DISEASES OF GLOBAL IMPORTANCE

EXOTIC DISEASES OF GLOBAL IMPORTANCE

COMMON DISEASES OF TRAVELLERS

COMMON DISEASES OF TRAVELLERS

References

References

Chapter 22. The Documentation of Environmental Medicine: Conventional & Computerized Information Retrieval Methods

Chapter 22. The Documentation of Environmental Medicine: Conventional & Computerized Information Retrieval Methods

GENERAL SCIENCE

GENERAL SCIENCE

MEDICAL SCIENCES

MEDICAL SCIENCES

ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE

ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE

GEOGRAPHICAL SCIENCES

GEOGRAPHICAL SCIENCES

THESES AND ON-GOING RESEARCH

THESES AND ON-GOING RESEARCH

CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS

CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS

RECORDS AND RECORD KEEPING

RECORDS AND RECORD KEEPING

SUMMARY

SUMMARY

References

References

Further Reading

Further Reading

Index

Index

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