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Understanding Pulmonary Pathology

Understanding Pulmonary Pathology: Applying Pathological Findings in Therapeutic Decision-Making

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Contents

Acknowledgments

Introduction

1 - Approach to the Sampling of the Lung

HANDLING OF THE SAMPLES

HISTOCHEMICAL STAINS

IMMUNOSTAINS

FURTHER READING

2 - Anatomy of the Lung

GROSS PULMONARY ANATOMY

AIRWAY ANATOMY

PULMONARY VESSELS

BRONCHIAL CIRCULATION

PULMONARY LYMPHATICS

THE ELASTIC STRUCTURE OF THE LUNGS

PLEURA

PULMONARY VASCULAR ELASTIC FIBERS

IMMUNE ANATOMY

FURTHER READING

3 - Pulmonary Responses to Injury

ACUTE INFLAMMATION

CHRONIC INFLAMMATION

FIBROSIS

HISTIOCYTIC (MACROPHAGE) REACTIONS

THE AIRWAY WALL

THE ALVEOLAR INTERSTITIUM

PULMONARY VESSELS

PLEURA

FURTHER READING

4 - The Radiographic Patterns of Common Lung Diseases

INTRODUCTION

AIRWAY DISEASES

SMALL AIRWAYS DISEASE

DIRECT SIGNS

INDIRECT SIGNS

INFECTION

DIFFUSE LUNG DISEASE

LUNG NEOPLASIA

FURTHER READING

5 - Diseases of the Airways

ASTHMA

CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE

CHRONIC BRONCHITIS

EMPHYSEMA

EXACERBATIONS OF COPD

BRONCHIECTASIS

CYSTIC FIBROSIS

THE SMALL AIRWAYS

Bronchiolitis

OBLITERATIVE BRONCHIOLITIS

BRONCHIOLITIS OBLITERANS ORGANIZING PNEUMONIA

FOLLICULAR BRONCHIOLITIS

DISEASES OF THE UPPER AIRWAYS

TRACHEAL STENOSIS

OTHER TRACHEOBRONCHIAL DISORDERS

Amyloidosis

RELAPSING POLYCHONDRITIS

TRACHEOPATHIA OSTEOPLASTICA

TRACHEOBRONCHOMALACIA

FURTHER READING

6 - Interstitial Lung Disease

USUAL INTERSTITIAL PNEUMONITIS

MANAGEMENT

NONSPECIFIC INTERSTITIAL PNEUMONITIS

LYMPHOCYTIC INTERSTITIAL PNEUMONITIS

HYPERSENSITIVITY PNEUMONITIS

DIFFUSE ALVEOLAR DAMAGE/ACUTE INTERSTITIAL PNEUMONIA

ACUTE INTERSTITIAL PNEUMONIA

DIFFUSE ALVEOLAR INJURY WITH DELAYED ALVEOLAR RE-EPITHELIALIZATION

OTHER POORLY DEFINED ENTITIES

SARCOIDOSIS

GRANULOLYMPHOCYTIC INTERSTITIAL LUNG DISEASE

PLEURO-PULMONARY FIBROELASTOSIS

IGG4-MEDIATED LUNG DISEASE

FURTHER READING

7 - Nonneoplastic Smoking-Related Disorders

RESPIRATORY BRONCHIOLITIS (INTERSTITIAL LUNG DISEASE)

DESQUAMATIVE INTERSTITIAL PNEUMONITIS

LCH (OR EOSINOPHILIC GRANULOMA)

SMOKING-RELATED INTERSTITIAL FIBROSIS

FURTHER READING

8 - Pulmonary Vascular Disorders

PULMONARY ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION

IDIOPATHIC PULMONARY ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION

PULMONARY VENO-OCCLUSIVE DISEASE

PULMONARY CAPILLARY HEMANGIOMATOSIS

OTHER CAUSES OF PULMONARY VASCULAR DISEASE

PULMONARY THROMBOEMBOLIC DISEASE

CHRONIC THROMBOEMBOLIC PULMONARY HYPERTENSION

OTHER FORMS OF PULMONARY THROMBOEMBOLIC DISEASE

TUMOR EMBOLI

PULMONARY ANGIITIS

GPA-WEGENER'S GRANULOMATOSIS

PULMONARY ALVEOLAR HEMORRHAGE SYNDROMES

ANTIALVEOLAR BASEMENT MEMBRANE DISEASE OR GOODPASTURE'S DISEASE

DRUG-INDUCED ANGIITIS

ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS

FURTHER RADING

9 - Pulmonary Infection

THE APPROACH TO SAMPLING FOR INFECTION

TRANSBRONCHIAL BIOPSY

FINE NEEDLE ASPIRATION BIOPSY

TRANSBRONCHIAL NEEDLE ASPIRATION BIOPSY

VIDEO-ASSISTED AND OPEN THORACOSCOPIC BIOPSY

HANDLING LUNG BIOPSIES

PULMONARY INJURY IN INFECTION

Pulmonary Host Response

Pulmonary Defenses

Patterns of Lung Injury due to Infection

Tracheobronchitis/Bronchiolitis and Miliary Infection

Diffuse Alveolar Damage

RNA VIRUSES

Influenza

Serious Acute Respiratory Syndrome

Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome

Respiratory Syncytial Virus

Parainfluenza

Measles

DNA VIRUSES

Adenovirus

Cytomegalovirus

Herpesvirus

Varicella Zoster

Hantavirus

OTHER ``ATYPICAL PNEUMONIAS''

Mycoplasma Pneumonia

Epstein-Barr Virus

Pneumocystis jirovecii

Bronchiectasis

Acute Bronchopneumonia

Bacterial Infections

Pneumococcal Pneumonia

Group A Streptococci

Staphylococcal aureus

Gram-negative Bacteria

Klebsiella

Lung Abscess due to Oropharyngeal Aspiration

Actinomycosis

Nocardia

Legionella

Rhodococcus equi

Tropheryma whippelii (Whipple's Disease)

Granulomatous Pneumonia

Mycobacterial Infection

Spectrum of Pulmonary Tuberculous Infection

Reactivation Tuberculosis

Atypical Mycobacteria

Melioidosis

Fungal Infection due to Yeasts

Histoplasmosis

Blastomyces

Cryptococcus

Coccidioides immitis

Paracoccidioides

Candida spp.

Hyphate Fungi

Aspergillus spp.

Immune Disorders due to Aspergillus Infection

Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis

Bronchocentric Granulomatosis

Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis

Aspergillus bronchitis and Chronic Necrotizing Aspergillosis

Fungus Balls

Angioinvasive Aspergillosis

Other Aspergillus Species

Other Hyphate Fungi

Pseudoallescheria (Scedosporium)

Fusarium

Differential Diagnosis

Dematiaceous (Pigmented) Fungi

Other Fungi

Parasites

PROTOZOA

Toxoplasma

Cryptosporidium

Microsporidia

NEMATODES (ROUND WORMS)

Dirofilaria

Trematodes (Flukes)

Paragonimiasis

Cestodes (Tapeworms)

MICROBES ASSOCIATED WITH BIOTERRORISM

Anthrax

Yersinia pestis (Plague Pneumonia)

Francisella tularensis (Tularemia Pneumonia)

Pleural Infection

FURTHER READING

10 - Lung Cancer

SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA

SMALL-CELL AND LARGE-CELL (NEUROENDOCRINE) CARCINOMA

ADENOCARCINOMA

MULTIPLE TUMORS

MOLECULAR ANALYSIS

IMMUNOHISTOLOGY

LARGE-CELL UNDIFFERENTIATED CARCINOMA

PLEOMORPHIC CARCINOMAS

MALIGNANT MELANOMA

METASTATIC CARCINOMA

SARCOMAS OF THE LUNG

TUMORS OF INTERMEDIATE MALIGNANT POTENTIAL

SALIVARY GLAND TUMORS

MUCOEPIDERMOID TUMORS

ADENOID CYSTIC CARCINOMA

MIXED TUMORS

BENIGN TUMORS

Hamartoma

SCLEROSING HEMANGIOMA

BENIGN CLEAR CELL ``SUGAR'' TUMOR (PERIVASCULAR CELL TUMOR)

GLOMUS TUMORS

SQUAMOUS PAPILLOMAS

ALVEOLAR AND PAPILLARY ADENOMA

BENIGN TUMORLETS

FURTHER READING

11 - Lymphoid Lesions

BENIGN INTRAPULMONARY LYMPH NODES

NODULAR LYMPHOID HYPERPLASIA

LYMPHOID INTERSTITIAL PNEUMONITIS

LYMPHOMATOID GRANULOMATOSIS

EXTRANODAL MARGINAL ZONE B-CELL LYMPHOMA (MALT LYMPHOMA)

PRIMARY B-CELL LYMPHOMA

HODGKIN'S LYMPHOMA

INTRAVASCULAR LARGE B-CELL LYMPHOMA

T-CELL LYMPHOMA

LEUKEMIA

FURTHER READING

12 - Iatrogenic Lung Diseases

DRUG-INDUCED PNEUMONITIS

OPIATE-INDUCED CHANGES

AMIODARONE

METHOTREXATE

MESALAMINE

SULFONAMIDES

CYTOTOXIC DRUGS

RADIATION

NITROFURANTOIN

TRANSFUSION-RELATED ACUTE LUNG INJURY

NEWER DRUGS

FURTHER READING

13 - Toxic Exposures

TOXIC GASES

ASBESTOS

ASBESTOS-RELATED CANCER

TALCOSIS

SILICOSIS

SILICATOSIS

COAL WORKER'S PNEUMOCONIOSIS

HARD METAL PNEUMOCONIOSIS

BERYLLIUM DISEASE

SIDEROSIS

ALUMINOSIS

FURTHER READING

14 - Sundry Disorders

PULMONARY EDEMA

DENDRIFORM OSSIFICATION

ALVEOLAR MICROLITHIASIS

DYSTROPHIC CALCIFICATION

ASPIRATION PNEUMONIA

FOOD

LIPID ASPIRATION

COCAINE INHALATION (``CRACK'')

AMYLOIDOSIS

HYALINIZING GRANULOMA

PULMONARY ALVEOLAR LIPOPROTEINOSIS

PULMONARY SCARS

LYMPHANGIOLEIOMYOMATOSIS

CHRONIC EOSINOPHILIC PNEUMONIA

15 - Pulmonary Transplant Pathology

ACUTE ALLOGRAFT REJECTION

AIRWAYS INFLAMMATION

CHRONIC GRAFT AIRWAY REJECTION

CHRONIC VASCULAR REJECTION

HUMORAL REJECTION

OTHER FORMS OF GRAFT INJURY

POSTIMPLANTATION RESPONSE

ASPIRATION

POSTTRANSPLANT LYMPHOPROLIFERATIVE DISORDER

RECURRENCE OF DISEASE IN AN ALLOGRAFT

FURTHER READING

16 - Pediatric Lung Disease

HYALINE MEMBRANE DISEASE

SEQUESTRATIONS

INTRALOBAR SEQUESTRATION

BRONCHIAL ATRESIA AND CONGENITAL CYSTIC ADENOMATOID MALFORMATION

NEUROENDOCRINE HYPERPLASIA OF CHILDHOOD

INTERSTITIAL LUNG DISEASES

SURFACTANT PROTEIN DEFICIENCY

ABCA3 DEFICIENCY

SURFACTANT-PROTEIN C DEFICIENCY

MALIGNANT TUMORS

FURTHER READING

17 - Pleural Diseases

REACTIVE FIBRINOUS PLEURITIS

PLEURAL PLAQUES

BENIGN TUMORS OF THE PLEURA

DESMOID TUMORS

NEURAL TUMORS

METASTATIC PLEURAL TUMORS

MALIGNANT MESOTHELIOMA

RARE PLEURAL MALIGNANCIES

FURTHER READING

Glossary of Terms

Index

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

K

L

M

N

O

P

R

S

T

U

V

W

Y

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