Chapter
1.1 HEAT TRANSFER IN GENERAL
1.2 SPECIFICS FOR AEROSPACE HEAT TRANSFER
1.2.3 Low-Density Heat Transfer
1.2.6 Auxiliary Equipment
1.2.7 Miscellaneous Topics and SBLI
2.2 AN ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE OF ABLATION
2.3 ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
3 - Aerodynamic Heating: Heat Transfer at High Speeds
3.2 HIGH VELOCITY FLOW ALONG A FLAT PLATE
3.3 CALCULATION OF THE HEAT TRANSFER
3.5 INFLUENCE OF THE TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF THE THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES
3.6 TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION IN THE BOUNDARY LAYER
3.8 AN ENGINEERING EXAMPLE OF A THERMAL PROTECTION SYSTEM
3.8.2 Finite Element Analysis of Heat Transfer
3.9 AERODYNAMIC HEAT REDUCTION
4 - Low-Density Heat Transfer: Rarefied Gas Heat Transfer
4.2 KINETIC THEORY OF GASES
4.3 FLOW REGIMES FOR RAREFIED GASES
4.5 INTERACTION BETWEEN GAS AND SURFACE
4.6 HEAT TRANSFER AT HIGH VELOCITIES
4.7.1 Heat Conduction in Rarefied Gases
4.7.2 Example: Cylinder in Crossflow
4.7.4 Flat Plate: Tangential Flow
4.9 FREE MOLECULAR FLOW REGIME: THE KNUDSEN FLOW
4.10 EXAMPLE: LOW-DENSITY HEAT TRANSFER
4.11 EXAMPLE: HEAT TRANSFER IN AN EVACUATED SPACE
4.12 MICROCHANNEL APPLICATIONS
4.12.1 The Direct Simulation Monte Carlo Method
5.4 ANALYSIS OF PRESSURIZATION AND THERMAL STRATIFICATION IN AN LH2 TANK
5.4.2 Thermal Environment
5.4.3 Numerical Solution Procedure
5.5 CRYOGENIC HEAT TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS
5.6 HYDROGEN IN AEROSPACE APPLICATIONS
6 - Aerospace Heat Exchangers
6.2 APPLICATIONS OF AEROSPACE HEAT EXCHANGERS
6.2.2 Environmental Control System
6.3 GENERAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR AEROSPACE HEAT EXCHANGERS
6.4 PLATE-FIN HEAT EXCHANGERS
6.5 PRINTED CIRCUIT HEAT EXCHANGERS
6.6 MICRO HEAT EXCHANGERS
6.7 OTHER AEROSPACE HEAT EXCHANGERS
6.7.1 Primary Surface Heat Exchangers
6.7.2 Heat Pipe Heat Exchanger
6.7.3 Heat Exchangers Using New Materials
6.7.3.2 Ceramic Materials
7 - Heat Pipes for Aerospace Application
7.2 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF HEAT PIPES
7.3.2 Normal Hydrostatic Pressure Drop
7.3.3 Axial Hydrostatic Pressure Drop
7.3.4 Liquid Pressure Drop
7.3.5 Vapor Pressure Drop
7.4.3 Entrainment Limitation
7.5 DESIGN AND MANUFACTURING CONSIDERATIONS FOR HEAT PIPES
7.5.1 Selection of Working Fluid
7.5.2 Importance of the Wicking Structures
7.5.3 Compatibility of Materials
7.5.4 Sizes and Shapes of Heat Pipes
7.5.5 Reliability and Lifetime Tests
7.6 VARIOUS TYPES OF HEAT PIPES
7.6.1 Heat Pipes with Variable Conductance
7.6.2 Rotating Heat Pipes
7.6.3 Cryogenic Heat Pipes
7.6.7 Nanofluids in Heat Pipe Applications
7.7 CONCLUDING REMARKS AND SUMMARY
8.2.1 Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells or Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells (PEFCs)
8.2.2 Alkaline Fuel Cells
8.2.3 Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells (PAFCs)
8.2.4 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
8.2.5 Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells (MCFCs)
8.2.6 Direct Methanol Fuel Cells (DMFCs)
8.2.7 Reversible Fuel Cells
8.2.8 Proton Ceramic Fuel Cells
8.3 BASIC TRANSPORT PROCESSES AND OPERATION OF A FUEL CELL
8.3.1 Electrochemical Kinetics
8.3.2 Heat and Mass Transfer
8.3.3 Charge and Water Transport
8.4 AEROSPACE APPLICATIONS
9 - Microgravity Heat Transfer
9.2 SOLIDIFICATION IN MICROGRAVITY
9.3 GRAVITY EFFECTS ON SINGLE-PHASE CONVECTION
9.4 CONDENSATION UNDER MICROGRAVITY
9.5 BOILING/EVAPORATION IN MICROGRAVITY
9.6 MICROGRAVITY EFFECTS IN CRYOGENIC TANKS
10 - Computational Methods for the Investigations of Heat Transfer Phenomena in Aerospace Applications
10.3 NUMERICAL METHODS TO SOLVE THE GOVERNING DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
10.3.1 The Finite Volume Method
10.3.1.1 Convection-Diffusion Schemes
10.3.1.3 Solution of the Discretized Equations
10.3.1.4 The Pressure in the Momentum Equations
10.3.1.5 Procedures for Solution of the Momentum Equations
10.3.1.7 Number of Grid Points and Control Volumes
10.3.1.8 Complex Geometries
10.6.1 Chemical Nonequilibrium Turbulent Flow in a Scramjet Nozzle
10.6.2 Shock Wave-Boundary Layer Interactions
11 - Measuring Techniques
11.2 TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT
11.3.1 Typical Flow Meters
11.3.2 Two-Phase Flow Measurements
11.3.3 Microscale Fluid Flow Measurement
11.4 LIQUID MASS GAUGING IN MICROGRAVITY
11.4.2 Compression of Mass Gauging
11.4.2.1 Description of Ground Experiments
11.4.2.1.1 Experimental Apparatus
11.4.2.1.2 Experimental Procedures
11.4.2.2 Test Results and Discussion
11.4.2.2.2 Attitude Disturbance Tests
11.4.2.2.3 Heat Transfer Tests
11.4.3 Summary and Concluding Remarks
1: Governing Equations for Momentum, Mass, and Energy Transport
A1.1 CONTINUITY EQUATION (MASS CONSERVATION EQUATION)
A1.2 THE NAVIER-STOKES EQUATIONS
A1.2.1 The Stress Tensor σij
A1.2.2 The Navier-Stokes Equations for Two-Dimensional and Incompressible Flows
A1.2.3 Derivation of the Complete Temperature Field Equation
A1.2.3.1 Determination of ΔE˙
A1.2.3.2 Determination of the Heat Transfer Rate Q˙
A1.2.3.3 Determination of the Work Rate W˙
A1.2.3.3.1 The Energy Equation in its Primary Form
A1.2.3.3.2 Rewriting the Energy Equation
A1.3 THE BOUNDARY LAYER FORM OF THE TEMPERATURE FIELD EQUATION
A1.4 BOUNDARY LAYER EQUATIONS FOR THE LAMINAR CASE
A1.5 DIMENSIONLESS GROUPS AND RULES OF SIMILARITY
2: Dimensionless Numbers of Relevance in Aerospace Heat Transfer
Heat Transfer in Aerospace Applications
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