Front Cover

Modem Physical Metallurgy

Copyright Page

Preface to the First Edition

Preface to the Fourth Edition

Table of Contents

Chapter 1. The structure of atoms and crystals

1.1 Metallic characteristics

1.2 The atom

1.3 The nomenclature of the electronic states in an atom

1.4 The Periodic Table (see Table1.2)

1.5 Chemical behaviour and the metallic bond

1.6 Arrangement of atoms in metals

1.7 Electrons in metal crystals

1.8 Metals and insulators

1.9 Real crystals and imperfections

1.10 The elements of crystallography

1.11 The Stereographic projection

Suggestions for further reading

Chapter 2. The physical examination of metalsand alloys

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Metallography

2.3 X-ray and neutron diffraction

2.4 Electron metallography

2.5 Microanalysis

2.6 Field ion microscopy

2.7 Mechanical properties

2.8 Physical properties

Suggestions for further reading

Chapter 3. Phase diagrams and solidification

3.1 The determination of phase diagrams

3.2 The equilibrium or phase diagram

3.3 Constitutional undercooling

3.4 Metal structures

3.5 Zone refining

3.6 Growth of single crystals

3.7 Ternary equilibrium diagrams

Suggestions for further reading

Chapter 4. Thermodynamics of crystals

4.1 Introduction

4.2 The effect of temperature on metal crystals

4.3 The specific heat curve and transformations

4.4 Heat content, entropy and free energy

4.5 The statistical nature of entropy

4.6 Free energy of transformation

4.7 The variation of free energy with temperature, and polymorphism

4.8 Thermodynamics of lattice defects

4.9 The rate of reaction

4.10 The mechanism of phase changes

4.11 The equilibrium diagram

4.12 Diffusion

4.13 Anelasticity and internal friction

Suggestions for further reading

Chapter 5. The structure of alloys

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Primary substitutional solid solutions

5.3 The form of the liquidus and solidus curves

5.4 The primary solid solubility boundary

5.5 Interstitial solid solutions

5.6 Intermediate phases

5.7 Order-disorder phenomena

5.8 The magnetic properties of metals and alloys

5.9 The electronic structure of the transition metals

5.10 Semiconductors

5.11 Superconductivity

Suggestions for further reading

Chapter 6. Dislocations in crystals

6.1 Elastic and plastic deformation

6.2 Dislocations in crystals

6.3 Dislocations in close-packed crystals

6.4 Dislocations in hexagonal structures

6.5 Dislocations in the b.c.c. lattice

6.6 Dislocations in ordered structures

Suggestions for further reading

Chapter 7. Observation of crystal defects

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Crystal growth

7.3 Direct observations of dislocations

7.4 Arrangements of dislocations in crystals

7.5 Origin of dislocations

Suggestions for further reading

Chapter 8. Deformation of metals and alloys

8.1 Dislocation mobility

8.2 Dislocation source operation

8.3 Yielding and dislocation multiplication

8.4 The yield point and related effects

8.5 The interaction of solute atoms with dislocations

8.6 The variation of yield stress with temperature

8.7 Other types of solute atom-dislocation interaction

8.8 The kinetics of strain ageing

8.9 Influence of grain boundaries on the plastic properties of metals

8.10 Mechanical twinning

Suggestions for further reading

Chapter 9. Point defects in crystals

9.1 Introduction

9.2 The production of vacancies

9.3 The effect of vacancies on the physical and mechanical properties

9.4 The nucleation of point defect clusters

9.5 Electron microscope observations of vacancy defects

9.6 The annealing of clustered defects

9.7 Point defect hardening

9.9 Vacancy defects in alloys

9.10 Radiation-induced segregation, diffusion and precipitation

9.11 Radiation and ordered alloys

Suggestions for further reading

Chapter 10. Work hardening and annealing

10.1 Work hardening

10.2 Preferred orientation

10.3 Texture-hardening

10.4 Macroscopic plasticity

10.5 Annealing

Suggestions for further reading

Chapter 11. Phase transformations I-precipitation hardening transformation

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Precipitation from supersaturated solid solution

11.3 Changes in properties accompanying precipitation

11.4 Structural changes

11.5 Some common precipitation systems

11.6 Mechanisms of hardening

11.7 Hardening in aluminium-copper alloys

11.8 Vacancies and precipitation

11.9 Duplex ageing

11.10 Particle coarsening

11.11 Spinodal decomposition

11.12 Dispersion-hardened alloys

11.13 Fibre strengthening

11.14 Superalloys

Suggestions for further reading

Chapter 12. Phase transformations II - the eutectoid transformation

12.1 Introduction

12.2 The austenite-pearlite reaction

12.3 The austenite-martensite reaction

12.4 The austenite-bainite transformation

12.5 Tempering and heat treatment

12.6 Thermo-mechanical treatments

12.7 Commercial steels and cast iron

Suggestions for further reading

Chapter 13. Creep and fatigue

13.1 Creep

13.2 Fatigue

Suggestions for further reading

Chapter 14. Fracture

14.1 Brittle fracture

14.2 Hydrogen embrittlement

14.3 Fracture toughness

14.4 Intergranular fracture

14.5 Ductile fracture

14.6 Fracture at elevated temperatures

14.7 Rupture

14.8 Fracture mechanism maps

14.9 Fatigue crack growth

Suggestions for further reading

Chapter 15. Oxidation and corrosion

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Thermodynamics of oxidation

15.3 Kinetics of oxidation

15.4 The structure of oxides

15.5 Wagner's theory of oxidation

15.6 Parameters affecting oxidation rates

15.7 Oxidation resistance

15.8 Intergranular voiding - stress ν vacancy injection

15.9 Breakaway oxidation

15.10 Aqueous corrosion

15.11 The electrochemical series

15.12 Corrosion protection

Suggestions for further reading

Appendix: Units and useful factors

Index