Chapter
Chapter 2 Surface Modification of Natural Fibers Using Plasma Treatment
2.1.1 Natural Fiber Materials and their Properties
2.1.2 Conventional Modification Methods and Drawbacks
2.1.3 Plasma Environment and the Advantages of Plasma Surface Modification
2.2 MECHANISMS OF PLASMA TREATMENT AND TYPES OF PLASMA MACHINES
2.2.1 Principle of Plasma Surface Modification
2.2.2 Interactive Mechanisms between Plasma and Substrates
2.2.3 Types of Plasma Treatment Systems
2.3 EFFECTS AND APPLICATIONS OF PLASMA TREATMENT
2.3.1 Surface Morphology and Chemical Composition Change
2.3.2 Improved Hydrophilicity and Efficiency in Aqueous Processes
2.3.3 Improved Hydrophobicity
2.3.4 Mechanical Properties Affected by Plasma Treatment
2.3.5 Medical Applications of Plasma Treatment
2.3.6 Plasma-Modified Fibers in Polymer Composites
2.3.7 Other Areas of Applications
2.4 CONCLUSIONS AND INDUSTRIAL IMPLICATIONS
Chapter 3 Reinforcing Potential of Enzymatically Modified Natural Fibers
3.2.2 Classification and Nomenclature
3.2.4 Enzymatic Catalysis
3.3 NATURAL FIBERS AS ENZYME SUBSTRATES
3.3.1 Physical Properties of Lignocellulosic Fibers
3.3.2 Chemical Properties and Composition of Lignocellulosic Fibers
3.3.2.5 Other Aromatic Compounds
3.3.2.6 Fats, Waxes, and Lipids
3.4 TYPES OF ENZYMES USED IN NATURAL FIBER MODIFICATION
3.5 EFFECT OF ENZYMATIC TREATMENT ON THE STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF NATURAL FIBERS
3.6 POLYMER COMPOSITES REINFORCED WITH ENZYMATICALLY MODIFIED NATURAL FIBERS
3.7 ENZYME-ASSISTED BIOGRAFTING METHODS
Chapter 4 Recent Developments in Surface Modification of Natural Fibers for Their use in Biocomposites
4.2.1 Classification: Biomass Derived and Petroleum-Derived Matrix
4.2.2 Advantage over Traditional Composites
4.3 NATURAL FIBER: STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION
4.4 SURFACE MODIFICATION OF NATURAL FIBERS
4.4.1 Silylation, Esterification, and other Surface Chemical Modifications
4.4.2 Noncovalent Surface Chemical Modifications
4.4.5 TEMPO-Mediated Oxidation
4.5 BIOCOMPOSITES: RECENT TRENDS AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE FUTURE
4.6 BIODEGRADABILITY OF BIOCOMPOSITES
Chapter 5 Nanocellulose-based Green Nanocomposite Materials
5.2.1 Cellulose Nanocrystals
5.2.2 Cellulose Nanofibrils
5.2.3 Bacterial Cellulose
5.3.1 Cellulose and Cellulose Derivatives
5.3.2 Hemicelluloses and other Polysaccharides
5.3.4 Chitin and Chitosan
5.3.6 Polylactic Acid and Poly(ε-Caprolactone)
5.3.7 Inorganic Nanoparticles
5.4.1 Thermal and Mechanical Properties
5.4.3 Antimicrobial Properties
Chapter 6 Poly(Lactic Acid) Hybrid Green Composites
6.2 MANUFACTURING TECHNIQUES OF PLA HYBRID GREEN COMPOSITES
6.2.1 Melt Mixing/Blending
6.2.2 Extrusion/Injection Molding
6.3 PROPERTIES OF PLA HYBRID GREEN COMPOSITES
6.3.1 Mechanical Properties
6.3.1.1 Tensile Properties
6.3.1.2 Flexural Properties
6.3.2 Dynamic Mechanical Properties
6.3.3.1 Thermogravimetric Analysis
6.3.3.2 Differential Scanning Calorimetry
6.3.5 Electrical Properties
6.4 APPLICATIONS OF PLA HYBRID GREEN COMPOSITES
Chapter 7 Lignin/Nanolignin and Their Biodegradable Composites
7.1.1 Renewable Bioresources-Sustainability and Biodegradability Issues
7.1.2 Nanotechnology and Application of Nanotechnology (Specifically for Cellulose and Lignin)
7.2.1 Structure, Chemical Nature, Complexity, and Linkage Heterogeneity
7.2.2 Types, Structure, Properties, and Uses of Modified/Processed Lignin
7.2.2.4 Organosolv Lignin
7.2.2.5 Hydrolysis Lignin
7.3 NANOLIGNIN AND METHODS OF PREPARATION OF NANOLIGNIN
7.3.1 Precipitation Method
7.3.2 Chemical Modification Method
7.3.3 Electrospinning Followed by Surface Modification
7.3.4 Freeze Drying Followed by Thermal Stabilization and Carbonization
7.3.5 Supercritical Antisolvent Technology
7.3.6 Chemomechanical Methods
7.3.7 Nanolignin by Self-assembly
7.3.8 Template-Mediated Synthesis of Lignin-based Nanotubes and Nanowires
7.4 CHARACTERIZATION OF LIGNIN NANOPARTICLES
7.5 LIGNIN COMPOSITES/NANOLIGNIN-BASED “GREEN” COMPOSITES
7.5.1 Lignin-based Thermoplastic Polymer Composites
7.5.2 Rubber-based Lignin Composites
7.5.3 Lignin-reinforced Biodegradable Composites
7.5.4 Lignin-reinforced Foam-based Composites
7.5.5 Lignin-based Composite Coatings
7.5.6 Synthesis of Lignin–PLA Copolymer Composites
7.5.7 Nanolignin-based “Green” Composites
7.6 POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS OF LIGNIN/NANOLIGNIN
7.7 PERSPECTIVES AND CONCLUDING REMARKS
Chapter 8 Starch-Based “Green” Composites
8.1.1.1 Thermoplastic Starch
8.1.1.2 Starch Nanocrystals
8.1.1.3 Structure and Properties of Starch/TPS
8.2 STARCH-BASED COMPOSITES
8.2.1 Processing Techniques/Methods
8.2.1.1 Processing of Starch-based Microcomposites
8.2.1.2 Processing of Starch-based Nanocomposites
8.2.2 Structure and Properties of Starch-Polymer Systems (Blends/Composites)
8.2.2.1 Starch-Polymer Systems
8.2.2.2 Starch-Natural Materials-based “Green” Composites
8.2.2.3 Starch-based Nanocomposites
8.2.2.4 Starch Nanoparticles in Composites
Chapter 9 Green Composite Materials Based on Biodegradable Polyesters
9.2 FABRICATION TECHNIQUES FOR GREEN COMPOSITES
9.2.1 Hand Lay-Up Fabrication Technique
9.2.2 Compression Molding
9.2.3 Injection Molding Fabrication Technique
9.2.4 Resin Transfer Fabrication Technique
9.2.5 Pultrusion Fabrication Technique
9.3 PROCESSING OF GREEN COMPOSITES THROUGH MICROWAVE HEATING
9.4 APPLICATION OF GREEN COMPOSITE
Chapter 10 Applications of Green Composite Materials
10.2 GREEN COMPOSITE MATERIALS
10.4 BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS
10.6 TRANSPORTATION INDUSTRY
10.9 SPORTS AND LEISURE INDUSTRY
10.9.1 Boat Hulls and Canoes
10.9.2 Snowboards/Skis and Surfboards
10.9.4 Musical Instruments
Biodegradable Green Composites
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