Chapter
Chapter 2 Multidimensional Optimized Optical Modulation Formats
2.2 Fundamentals of Digital Modulation
2.2.3 Constellations and Their Performance Metrics
2.3 Modulation Formats and Their Ideal Performance
2.3.1 Format Optimizations and Comparisons
2.3.2 Optimized Formats in Nonlinear Channels
2.4 Combinations of Coding and Modulation
2.4.1 Soft-Decision Decoding
2.4.2 Hard-Decision Decoding
2.5.1 Transmitter Realizations and Transmission Experiments
2.5.2 Receiver Realizations and Digital Signal Processing
2.5.5 Realizing Dimensions
2.6 Summary and Conclusions
Chapter 3 Advances in Detection and Error Correction for Coherent Optical Communications: Regular, Irregular, and Spatially Coupled LDPC Code Designs
3.2 Differential Coding for Optical Communications
3.2.1 Higher-Order Modulation Formats
3.2.2 The Phase-Slip Channel Model
3.2.3 Differential Coding and Decoding
3.2.4 Maximum a Posteriori Differential Decoding
3.2.5 Achievable Rates of the Differentially Coded Phase-Slip Channel
3.3 LDPC-Coded Differential Modulation
3.3.1 Low-Density Parity-Check (LDPC) Codes
3.3.2 Code Design for Iterative Differential Decoding
3.3.3 Higher-Order Modulation Formats with V < Q
3.4 Coded Differential Modulation with Spatially Coupled LDPC Codes
3.4.1 Protograph-Based Spatially Coupled LDPC Codes
3.4.2 Spatially Coupled LDPC Codes with Iterative Demodulation
3.4.3 Windowed Differential Decoding of SC-LDPC Codes
3.4.4 Design of Protograph-Based SC-LDPC Codes for Differential-Coded Modulation
Appendix: LDPC-Coded Differential Modulation-Decoding Algorithms
Chapter 4 Spectrally Efficient Multiplexing: Nyquist-WDM
4.2 Nyquist Signaling Schemes
4.2.1 Ideal Nyquist-WDM (𝚫f = Rs)
4.2.2 Quasi-Nyquist-WDM (𝚫f > Rs)
4.2.3 Super-Nyquist-WDM (𝚫f < Rs)
4.3 Detection of a Nyquist-WDM Signal
4.4 Practical Nyquist-WDM Transmitter Implementations
4.4.1 Optical Nyquist-WDM
4.4.2 Digital Nyquist-WDM
4.5 Nyquist-WDM Transmission
4.5.1 Optical Nyquist-WDM Transmission Experiments
4.5.2 Digital Nyquist-WDM Transmission Experiments
Chapter 5 Spectrally Efficient Multiplexing-OFDM
5.2 Coherent Optical OFDM (CO-OFDM)
5.2.1 Principle of CO-OFDM
5.3 Direct-Detection Optical OFDM (DDO-OFDM)
5.3.1 Linearly Mapped DDO-OFDM
5.3.2 Nonlinearly Mapped DDO-OFDM (NLM-DDO-OFDM)
5.4 Self-Coherent Optical OFDM
5.4.1 Single-Ended Photodetector-Based SCOH
5.4.2 Balanced Receiver-Based SCOH
5.4.3 Stokes Vector Direct Detection
5.5 Discrete Fourier Transform Spread OFDM System (DFT-S OFDM)
5.5.1 Principle of DFT-S OFDM
5.5.2 Unique-Word-Assisted DFT-S OFDM (UW-DFT-S OFDM)
5.6 OFDM-Based Superchannel Transmissions
5.6.1 No-Guard-Interval CO-OFDM (NGI-CO-OFDM) Superchannel
5.6.2 Reduced-Guard-Interval CO-OFDM (RGI-CO-OFDM) Superchannel
5.6.3 DFT-S OFDM Superchannel
Chapter 6 Polarization and Nonlinear Impairments in Fiber Communication Systems
6.2 Polarization of Light
6.3 PMD and PDL in Optical Communication Systems
6.4 Modeling of Nonlinear Effects in Optical Fibers
6.5 Coherent Optical Communication Systems and Signal Equalization
6.5.1 Coherent Optical Communication Systems
6.5.2 Signal Equalization
6.6 PMD and PDL Impairments in Coherent Systems
6.7 Nonlinear Impairments in Coherent Systems
6.7.2 Homogeneous PDM-QPSK System
6.7.3 Hybrid PDM-QPSK and 10-Gb/s OOK System
6.7.4 Homogeneous PDM-16QAM System
Chapter 7 Analytical Modeling of the Impact of Fiber Non-Linear Propagation on Coherent Systems and Networks
7.1 Why are Analytical Models Important?
7.1.1 What Do Professionals Need?
7.2.1 Modeling Approximations
7.3 Introducing the GN-EGN Model Class
7.3.1 Getting to the GN Model
7.3.2 Towards the EGN Model
7.4 Model Selection Guide
7.4.1 From Model to System Performance
7.4.2 Point-to-Point Links
7.4.3 The Complete EGN Model
7.4.4 Case Study: Determining the Optimum System Symbol Rate
7.4.5 NLI Modeling for Dynamically Reconfigurable Networks
Chapter 8 Digital Equalization in Coherent Optical Transmission Systems
8.2 Primer on the Mathematics of Least Squares FIR Filters
8.2.1 Finite Impulse Response Filters
8.2.2 Differentiation with Respect to a Complex Vector
8.2.3 Least Squares Tap Weights
8.2.4 Application to Stochastic Gradient Algorithms
8.2.5 Application to Wiener Filter
8.2.6 Other Filtering Techniques and Design Methodologies
8.3 Equalization of Chromatic Dispersion
8.3.1 Nature of Chromatic Dispersion
8.3.2 Modeling of Chromatic Dispersion in an Optical Fiber
8.3.3 Truncated Impulse Response
8.3.4 Band-Limited Impulse Response
8.3.5 Least Squares FIR Filter Design
8.3.6 Example Performance of the Chromatic Dispersion Compensating Filter
8.4 Equalization of Polarization-Mode Dispersion
8.4.2 Obtaining the Inverse Jones Matrix of the Channel
8.4.3 Constant Modulus Update Algorithm
8.4.4 Decision-Directed Equalizer Update Algorithm
8.4.5 Radially Directed Equalizer Update Algorithm
8.4.6 Parallel Realization of the FIR Filter
8.4.7 Generalized 4 x 4 Equalizer for Mitigation of Frequency or Polarization-Dependent Loss and Receiver Skew
8.4.8 Example Application to Fast Blind Equalization of PMD
8.5 Concluding Remarks and Future Research Directions
Chapter 9 Nonlinear Compensation for Digital Coherent Transmission
9.2 Digital Backward Propagation (DBP)
9.2.2 Experimental Demonstration of DBP
9.2.3 Computational Complexity of DBP
9.3 Reducing DBP Complexity for Dispersion-Unmanaged WDM Transmission
9.4 DBP for Dispersion-Managed WDM Transmission
9.5 DBP for Polarization-Multiplexed Transmission
Chapter 10 Timing Synchronization in Coherent Optical Transmission Systems
10.2 Overall System Environment
10.3 Jitter Penalty and Jitter Sources in a Coherent System
10.3.2 Detector Jitter Definitions and Method of Numerical Evaluation
10.3.3 Laser FM Noise- and Dispersion-Induced Jitter
10.3.4 Coherent System Tolerance to Untracked Jitter
10.4 Digital Phase Detectors
10.4.1 Frequency-Domain Phase Detector
10.4.2 Equivalence to the Squaring Phase Detector
10.4.3 Equivalence to Godard's Maximum Sampled Power Criterion
10.4.4 Equivalence to Gardner's Phase Detector
10.4.5 Second Class of Phase Detectors
10.4.6 Jitter Performance of the Phase Detectors
10.4.7 Phase Detectors for Nyquist Signals
10.5 The Chromatic Dispersion Problem
10.6 The Polarization-Mode Dispersion Problem
10.7 Timing Synchronization for Coherent Optical OFDM
Chapter 11 Carrier Recovery in Coherent Optical Communication Systems
11.2 Optimal Carrier Recovery
11.2.1 MAP-Based Frequency and Phase Estimator
11.2.2 Cramer-Rao Lower Bound
11.3 Hardware-Efficient Phase Recovery Algorithms
11.3.1 Decision-Directed Phase-Locked Loop (PLL)
11.3.2 Mth-Power-Based Feedforward Algorithms
11.3.3 Blind Phase Search (BPS) Feedforward Algorithms
11.3.4 Multistage Carrier Phase Recovery Algorithms
11.4 Hardware-Efficient Frequency Recovery Algorithms
11.4.1 Coarse Auto-Frequency Control (ACF)
11.4.2 Mth-Power-Based Fine FO Estimation Algorithms
11.4.3 Blind Frequency Search (BFS)-Based Fine FO Estimation Algorithm
11.4.4 Training-Initiated Fine FO Estimation Algorithm
11.5 Equalizer-Phase Noise Interaction and its Mitigation
11.6 Carrier Recovery in Coherent OFDM Systems
11.7 Conclusions and Future Research Directions
Chapter 12 Real-Time Implementation of High-Speed Digital Coherent Transceivers
12.1 Algorithm Constraints
12.1.1 Power Constraint and Hardware Optimization
12.1.2 Parallel Processing Constraint
12.1.3 Feedback Latency Constraint
12.2 Hardware Implementation of Digital Coherent Receivers
Chapter 13 Photonic Integration
13.2 Overview of Photonic Integration Technologies
13.3.1 Dual-Polarization Transmitter Circuits
13.3.2 High-Speed Modulators
13.3.3 PLC Hybrid I/Q Modulator
13.3.4 InP Monolithic I/Q Modulator
13.3.5 Silicon Monolithic I/Q Modulator
13.4.1 Polarization Diversity Receiver Circuits
13.4.2 PLC Hybrid Receivers
13.4.3 InP Monolithic Receivers
13.4.4 Silicon Monolithic Receivers
13.4.5 Coherent Receiver with 120o Optical Hybrids
Chapter 14 Optical Performance Monitoring for Fiber-Optic Communication Networks
14.1.1 OPM and Their Roles in Optical Networks
14.1.2 Network Functionalities Enabled by OPM
14.1.3 Network Parameters Requiring OPM
14.1.4 Desirable Features of OPM Techniques
14.2 OPM TECHNIQUES FOR DIRECT DETECTION SYSTEMS
14.2.1 OPM Requirements for Direct Detection Optical Networks
14.2.2 Overview of OPM Techniques for Existing Direct Detection Systems
14.2.3 Electronic DSP-Based Multi-Impairment Monitoring Techniques for Direct Detection Systems
14.2.4 Bit Rate and Modulation Format Identification Techniques for Direct Detection Systems
14.2.5 Commercially Available OPM Devices for Direct Detection Systems
14.2.6 Applications of OPM in Deployed Fiber-Optic Networks
14.3 OPM For Coherent Detection Systems
14.3.1 Non-Data-Aided OSNR Monitoring for Digital Coherent Receivers
14.3.2 Data-Aided (Pilot Symbols Based) OSNR Monitoring for Digital Coherent Receivers
14.3.3 OPM at the Intermediate Network Nodes Using Low-Cost Structures
14.3.4 OSNR Monitoring in the Presence of Fiber Nonlinearity
14.4 Integrating OPM Functionalities in Networking
14.5 Conclusions and Outlook
Chapter 15 Rate-Adaptable Optical Transmission and Elastic Optical Networks
15.1.1 History of Elastic Optical Networks
15.2.1 Optical Cross-Connect
15.2.2 Elastic Transponder
15.2.3 Elastic Aggregation
15.2.4 Performance Prediction
15.2.5 Resource Allocation Tools
15.2.6 Control Plane for Flexible Optical Networks
15.3 Practical Considerations for Elastic WDM Transmission
15.3.1 Flexible Transponder Architecture
15.3.2 Example of a Real-Time Energy-Proportional Prototype
15.4 Opportunities for Elastic Technologies in Core Networks
15.4.1 More Cost-Efficient Networks
15.4.2 More Energy Efficient Network
15.4.3 Filtering Issues and Superchannel Solution
15.5 Long Term Opportunities
15.5.1 Burst Mode Elasticity
15.5.2 Elastic Passive Optical Networks
15.5.3 Metro and Datacenter Networks
Chapter 16 Space-Division Multiplexing and MIMO Processing
16.1 Space-Division Multiplexing in Optical Fibers
16.2 Optical Fibers for SDM Transmission
16.3 Optical Transmission in SDM Fibers with Low Crosstalk
16.3.1 Digital Signal Processing Techniques for SDM Fibers with Low Crosstalk
16.4 MIMO-Based Optical Transmission in SDM Fibers
16.5 Impulse Response in SDM Fibers with Mode Coupling
16.5.1 Multimode Fibers with no Mode Coupling
16.5.2 Multimode Fibers with Weak Coupling
16.5.3 Multimode Fibers with Strong Mode Coupling
16.5.4 Multimode Fibers: Scaling to Large Number of Modes
16.6 MIMO-Based SDM Transmission Results
16.6.1 Digital Signal Processing for MIMO Transmission
16.7 Optical Components for SDM Transmission
16.7.1 Characterization of SDM Systems and Components
16.7.2 Swept Wavelength Interferometry for Fibers with Multiple Spatial Paths
16.7.3 Spatial Multiplexers
16.7.5 Spatial Diversity for SDM Components and Component sharing
16.7.6 Wavelength-Selective Switches for SDM
16.7.7 SDM Fiber Amplifiers
Enabling Technologies for High Spectral-efficiency Coherent Optical Communication Networks
( Wiley Series in Microwave and Optical Engineering )
Disclaimer: Any content in publications that violate the sovereignty, the constitution or regulations of the PRC is not accepted or approved by CNPIEC.
