Chapter
ADVANCED COAL-FIRED POWER GENERATION
Uncertainty in Coal Plant Financing and Approval
CARBON CAPTURE AND SEQUESTRATION
CCS Technology Uncertainty
PLUG-IN ELECTRIC HYBRID VEHICLES
DISTRIBUTED ENERGY RESOURCES
POLICY ISSUES FOR CONGRESS
Possible Outcomes for Carbon Control
Underperformance of Individual CO Measures
Failure of the CO Mitigation Portfolio
Chapter 2 AVAILABLE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES FOR REDUCING GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS FROM COAL-FIRED ELECTRIC GENERATING UNITS*
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
1.1. Electric Power Generation Using Coal
2. COAL-FIRED ELECTRIC GENERATING UNITS
2.1. Coals Burned in U.S. EGUs
2.2. Coal Utilization in U.S. EGUs
2.2.1. Stoker-Fired Coal Combustion
2.2.2. Pulverized-Coal Combustion
2.2.3. Cyclone Coal Combustion
2.2.4. Fluidized-Bed Combustion
2.3. GHG Emissions from Coal-Fired EGUs
2.4. Factors Impacting Coal-Fired EGU CO2 Emissions
2.4.1. Impact of Coal Rank on CO2 Emissions from EGUs
2.4.2 Impact of Coal-Fired EGU Efficiency on CO2 Emissions
2.4.3. Impact of SO2 Controls on Coal-Fired EGU CO2 Emissions
3. COAL-FIRED EGU CO2 CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES
3.1. Coal-Fired EGU CO2 Emissions Control Approaches
3.1.1. Efficiency Improvements
3.1.2. Carbon Capture and Storage
3.2. Efficiency Improvements for Existing Coal-fired EGU Projects
3.3. Efficiency Improvements for New Coal-Fired EGU Projects
3.3.3. Boiler Feedwater Heating & Hot-Windbox
3.4. Combined Heat and Power Plant
4. COAL-FIRED EGU TECHNOLOGY ALTERNATIVES ANALYSIS
4.1. Site-Specific Coal-Fired EGU Technology Alternatives Analysis Example
4.2. EPA GHG Mitigation Database
Chapter 3 AIR EMISSIONS AND ELECTRICITY GENERATION AT U.S. POWER PLANTS*
OLDER FOSSIL FUEL UNITS PRODUCE MORE EMISSIONS AND LESS ELECTRICITY THAN NEWER UNITS
Older Units Emit More Than Newer Units
Older Units Are Mostly Fueled by Coal, and Newer Units Rely More on Natural Gas
Older Units Are Less Likely to Use Emissions Controls
Older Units Are Generally Less Efficient Than Newer Units
ENCLOSURE I. ELECTRICITY-GENERATION AND AGGREGATE EMISSIONS FROM FOSSIL FUEL ELECTRICITY GENERATING UNITS IN 2010, BY STATE
ENCLOSURE II. ELECTRICITY GENERATION AND EMISSIONS RATES FROM FOSSIL FUEL ELECTRICITY GENERATING UNITS IN 2010, BY STATE
ENCLOSURE III. ENERGY AND EMISSIONS FROM U.S. FOSSIL FUEL ELECTRICITY GENERATING UNITS, BY LOCATION IN 2010
ENCLOSURE IV. ENERGY AND EMISSIONS FROM U.S. FOSSIL FUEL ELECTRICITY GENERATING UNITS IN 2010, BY DECADE UNIT BEGAN OPERATING
Chapter 4 AIR POLLUTION: EPA NEEDS BETTER INFORMATION ON NEW SOURCE REVIEW PERMITS
EPA DOES NOT MAINTAIN COMPLETE INFORMATION ON ISSUED NSR PERMITS OR TRACK THE IMPACT OF ITS COMMENTS
EPA Does Not Maintain Complete Data on NSR Permits
EPA Does Not Track Incorporation of Its Comments into Draft Permits
REGULATORS FACE CHALLENGES IN ENSURING COMPLIANCE WITH NSR PERMITTING REQUIREMENTS
Determining When NSR Applies Can be Difficult
Identifying NSR Noncompliance Requires Long Investigations
AVAILABLE DATA ON NSR COMPLIANCE ARE NOT COMPLETE BUT SUGGEST SUBSTANTIAL NONCOMPLIANCE
Complete Data on Unit Compliance with NSR Are Not Available
EPA Has Found Noncompliance at a Majority of Units It Has Investigated
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR EXECUTIVE ACTION
AGENCY COMMENTS AND OUR EVALUATION
APPENDIX I. SCOPE AND METHODOLOGY
APPENDIX II. COMPARISON OF AVAILABLE DATABASES OF NSR PERMITS FOR ELECTRICITY GENERATING UNITS
APPENDIX III. CONCLUDED NSR SETTLEMENTS
Emissions Control in Electricity Generation
( Energy Science, Engineering and Technology )
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