Chapter
1.1.9. Polytropic index of central plasma sheet ions based on MHD Bernoulli integral
1.1.10. Polytropic index of magnetosheath ions based on homogeneous MHD Bernoulli Integral
1.1.11. THEMIS two-point measurements of the cross-tail current density: A thick bifurcated current sheet in the near-Earth plasma sheet
1.1.12. Resonant scattering of central plasma sheet protons by multiband EMIC waves and resultant proton loss timescales
1.1.13. Stable ring beam of solar wind He2+ in the magnetosheath
1.2. Plasmas, Magnetic, and Current Sheets Thickness and Structure
1.2.1. Determining of the current sheet thickness
1.2.2. Plasma sheet fine structure at high latitude
1.2.3. Plasma sheet thickness during a bursty bulk flow reversal
1.2.4. Geomagnetic signatures of current wedge produced by fast flows in a plasma sheet
1.2.5. Plasma sheet and magnetosheath plasma mixing in low latitude boundary layer
1.2.6. Dynamics of ion energy-dispersed structures near the plasma sheet outer boundary
1.2.7. Transient properties of spatial structures in the plasma sheet boundary layer
1.2.8. A comparison of measured parameters of magnetosheath plasma with predictions of a new magnetosheath-magnetosphere model
1.2.9. Two sources of magnetosheath ions observed by Cluster in the mid-altitude polar cusp
1.2.10. Thin magnetosheath as a consequence of the magnetopause deformation.
1.2.11. X line distribution determined from earthward and tailward convective bursty flows in the central plasma sheet
1.2.12. Hot electrons as tracers of large-scale structure of magnetotail current sheets
1.2.13. On energetic electrons (>38 keV) in the central plasma sheet
1.2.14. Origins of plasma sheet BY
1.2.15. Dawn-dusk asymmetries in the Earth’s magnetosheath
1.2.16. Antisunward structure of thin current sheets in the Earth’s magnetotail: Implications of quasi-adiabatic theory
1.2.17. Characterizing the dayside magnetosheath using energetic neutral atoms: IBEX and THEMIS observations
1.2.18. Magnetosheath filamentary structures formed by ion acceleration at the quasi-parallel bow shock
1.2.19. Distribution of energetic oxygen and hydrogen in the near-Earth plasma sheet
1.2.20. Preliminary empirical model of inner boundary of ion plasma sheet
1.2.21. Shape of the terrestrial plasma sheet in the near-Earth magnetospheric tail as imaged by the Interstellar Boundary Explorer
1.2.22. Thickness of the low-latitude boundary layer at different levels of magnetic field fluctuations in the magnetosheath
1.2.23. Imaging the development of the cold dense plasma sheet
1.2.24. The energy-based scaling of a thin current sheet
1.2.25. Dawn-dusk asymmetry in bursty hot electron enhancements in the midtail magnetosheath
1.2.26. Magnetosheath plasma structures and their relation to foreshock processes
1.3. Plasmas and Magnetic Sheets Expansion, Magnetic Flux and Particle Acceleration/Transport
1.3.1. Plasma sheet expansion
1.3.2. Magnetic flux and particle transport in the plasma sheet
1.3.3. Solar wind particle entry to the plasma sheet via flank regions
1.3.4. Magnetosheath plasma expansion: 2-D hybrid simulations and comparison with Cluster observations
1.3.5. Energetic ions in the magnetosheath: statistical study of spectra and anisotropy
1.3.6. Energetic oxygen ions in the magnetosheath in the negative BZ phase of the CME on January 10, 1997
1.3.7. The plasma sheet source groove
1.3.8. Kinetic characterization of plasma sheet dynamics
1.3.9. Cold-dense plasma sheet and hot-dense ions in the inner-magnetosphere
1.3.10. Energetic ions and electrons within the magnetosheath and upstream of the bow shock: Interball- overview
1.3.11. Mirror structures in the magnetosheath: 3D structures on plane waves
1.3.12. On the remote sensing of plasma sheet from low-altitude spacecraft
1.3.13. Plasma sheet coefficient of diffusion: Predictions and observations
1.3.14. Spatial distribution of the magnetosheath ion flux
1.3.15. The dawn-dusk asymmetry of the magnetosheath: Interball-1 observations
1.3.16. Neutral sheet normal direction determination
1.3.17. Energetic electron signatures in an active magnetotail plasma sheet
1.3.18. Accelerated ions observed in the plasma sheet boundary layer: beams or streams?
1.3.19. Escape of O+ through the distant tail plasma sheet
1.3.20. Evolution of plasma sheet particle content under different interplanetary magnetic field conditions
1.3.21. Transport of solar energetic electrons through the Earth’s bow shock and in the magnetosheath
1.3.22. Estimation of the eddy-diffusion coefficients in the plasma sheet using THEMIS satellite data
1.3.23. Propagation of inclined interplanetary shock through the magnetosheath
1.3.24. Properties of energetic particle bursts at dawnside magnetosheath: Cassini observations during the 1999 Earth swing-by
1.3.25. Transport and loss of the inner plasma sheet electrons: THEMIS observations
1.3.26. Localized density enhancements in the magnetosheath: Three-dimensional morphology and possible importance for impulsive penetration
1.3.27. Spatial distributions of the ion to electron temperature ratio in the magnetosheath and plasma sheet
1.3.28. Geomagnetic conjugate observations of plasma-sheet electrons by the FAST and THEMIS satellites
1.3.29. Kinetic analysis of the energy transport of bursty bulk flows in the plasma sheet
1.3.30. Spatial distributions of ion pitch angle anisotropy in the near-Earth magnetosphere and tail plasma sheet
1.3.31. The evolution of flux pileup regions in the plasma sheet: Cluster observations
1.3.32. Transport of the plasma sheet electrons to the geostationary distances
1.3.33. Energetic electron bursts in the plasma sheet and their relation with BBFs
1.3.34. Interchange motion as a transport mechanism for formation of cold-dense plasma sheet
1.3.35. Isothermal magnetosheath electrons due to nonlocal electron cross talk
1.3.36. Low-energy electrons (5–50 keV) in the inner magnetosphere
1.3.37. What is the nature of magnetosheath FTEs?
1.3.38. Mirror modes in the Earth’s magnetosheath: Results from a global hybrid-Vlasov simulation
1.4. Current Sheets Expansion, Magnetic Flux and Particle Transport
1.4.1. Forced current sheets in the Earth’s magnetotail: their role and evolution due to nonadiabatic particle scattering
1.4.2. Evolution of ion distribution functions during the ‘aging’ process of thin current sheets
1.4.3. Self-organization in a current sheet model
1.4.4. Understanding magnetotail current sheet meso-scale structures using MHD simulations
1.4.5. Proton velocity distribution in thin current sheets: Cluster observations and theory of transient trajectories
1.4.6. On the radial force balance in the quiet time magnetotail current sheet
Turbulence and Fluctuations, Instabilities, Storm Time Variations, Fast Flows, Temperature Anisotropies, and Magnetic Field Structure in Magnetospheric Sheets
2.1. Turbulence and Fluctuations in the Magnetospheric Plasma Sheet
2.1.1. Turbulence and non-self-similar properties in the fluctuations in the magnetospheric plasma sheet
2.1.2. Magnetostatic equilibrium and turbulent transport in the Earth’s magnetosphere
2.1.3. Alfvén vortex filaments observed in magnetosheath
2.1.4. Model of vortex tubes in the low-latitude plasma sheet of the Earth magnetosphere
2.1.5. The model of turbulent plasma sheet during IMF BZ > 0
2.1.6. Variation of the plasma turbulence in the central plasma sheet during substorm phases observed by the interball/tail satellite
2.1.7. Bursty bulk flow driven turbulence in the Earth’s plasma sheet
2.1.8. Interaction between the Alfvén wave and turbulent sheet
2.1.9. Formation and characteristics of low latitude boundary layer
2.1.10. The evolution of mirror type magnetic fluctuations in the magnetosheath based on multipoint observations
2.1.11. Global magnetohydrodynamic simulation of reconnection and turbulence in the plasma sheet
2.1.12. H+ and O+ content of the plasma sheet at 15–19 RE as a function of geomagnetic and solar activity
2.1.13. Formation of strong stationary vortex turbulence in the terrestrial magnetosheath
2.1.14. Modeling of the turbulent plasma sheet during quiet geomagnetic conditions
2.1.15. Thin filament simulations for Earth’s plasma sheet: Interchange oscillations
2.1.16. Thin filament simulations for Earth’s plasma sheet: Tests of validity of the quasi-static convection approximation
2.1.17. Two different types of plasmoids in the plasma sheet: Cluster multisatellite analysis application
2.1.18. Current structure and nonideal behavior at magnetic null points in the turbulent magnetosheath
2.1.19. Empirical modeling of plasma sheet pressure and three-dimensional force-balanced magnetospheric magnetic field structure: 2. Modeling
2.1.20. Kinetic turbulence in the terrestrial magnetosheath: Cluster observations
2.1.21. Role of turbulent transport in the evolution of the κ distribution functions in the plasma sheet
2.1.22. Universal properties of mirror mode turbulence in the Earth’s magnetosheath
2.1.23. Electric and magnetic components of ballooning perturbations in the magnetotail plasma sheet before breakup
2.1.24. Turbulence-generated proton-scale structures in the terrestrial magnetosheath
2.2. Instabilities in the Plasma and Current Sheets
2.2.1. Ballooning instability at the plasma sheet–lobe interface and polar arc formation
2.2.2. Current-sheet kink instability at ion-electron hybrid scale
2.2.3. Low-frequency instabilities driven by oxygen ion beams in plasma sheet region
2.2.4. Mirror mode waves in the Earth’s magnetosheath observed by the INTERBALL-1 satellite
2.2.5. Tearing mode in thin current sheets of the Earth’s magnetosphere: a scenario of transition to unstable state
2.2.6. Formation of a broad plasma turbulent layer by forward and inverse energy cascades of the Kelvin–Helmholtz instability
2.2.7. Statistical characteristics and significance of low-frequency instability associated with magnetic dipolarizations in the near-Earth plasma sheet
2.2.8. Kinetic ballooning/interchange instability in a bent plasma sheet
2.2.9. Magnetic flux rope formation within a magnetosheath hot flow anomaly
2.2.10. “Snowplow” injection front effects
2.2.11. Ion temperature anisotropy instabilities in planetary magnetosheaths
2.2.12. Nature of axial tail instability and bubble-blob formation in near-Earth plasma sheet
2.2.12. Ballooning instability-induced plasmoid formation in near-Earth plasma sheet
2.2.13. Circulation of heavy ions and their dynamical effects in the magnetosphere: recent observations and models
2.3. Storm Time Plasma Sheet
2.3.1. Statistical characteristics of the storm time plasma sheet
2.3.2. Plasma sheet density, temperature, and pressure profiles during the growth, expansion, early recovery, and late recovery substorm phases
2.3.3. Plasma sheet heating during substorm and the values of the plasma sheet diffusion coefficient obtained on the base of Interball/Tail probe observations
2.3.4. Plasma sheet oscillations and their relation to substorm development: Cluster and double star TC1 case study
2.3.5. Tailward leap of multiple expansions of the plasma sheet during a moderately intense substorm: THEMIS observations
2.3.6. Simulation of substorm-time acceleration of oxygen ions on azimuthally directed magnetic field lines in the near-Earth plasma sheet
2.4. Earthward Fast Flows in the Plasma Sheet
2.4.1. Two classes of earthward fast flows in the plasma sheet
2.4.2. INTERBALL statistical study of ion flow fluctuations in the plasma sheet
2.4.3. The structure of hot flow anomalies in the magnetosheath
2.4.4. MHD-modelling of the magnetosheath ion plasma flow and magnetic field and their comparison with experiments
2.4.5. Study of three dimensional structure of the fast convection flow in the plasma sheet by MHD simulations on the basis of spontaneous fast reconnection model
2.4.6. Modeling PSBL high speed ion beams observed by Cluster and Double Star
2.4.7. Topology of magnetic flux ropes in the magnetospheric plasma sheet as measured by the Geotail spacecraft
2.4.8. Can flow bursts penetrate into the inner magnetosphere
2.4.9. Characteristics of plasma flows at the inner edge of the plasma sheet
2.4.10. On accelerated magnetosheath flows under northward IMF
2.4.11. Accelerated magnetosheath flows caused by IMF draping: Dependence on latitude
2.4.12. Statistics of plasma sheet convection
2.4.13. Comparison of energetic electron flux and phase space density in the magnetosheath and in the magnetosphere
2.4.14. Energy transport by kinetic-scale electromagnetic waves in fast plasma sheet flows
2.4.15. Traveling magnetopause distortion related to a large-scale magnetosheath plasma jet: THEMIS and ground-based observations
2.4.16. A sunward propagating fast wave in the magnetosheath observed after the passage of an interplanetary shock
2.4.17. On the generation of magnetosheath high-speed jets by bow shock ripples
2.4.18. Rapid loss of the plasma sheet energetic electrons associated with the growth of whistler mode waves inside the bursty bulk flows
2.4.19. Classification of fast flows in central plasma sheet: Superposed epoch analysis based on THEMIS observations
2.4.20. Earthward and tailward flows in the plasma sheet
2.4.21. Statistical characteristics of slow earthward and tailward flows in the plasma sheet
2.5. Electron and Ion Temperature Anisotropies and Asimmetries in the Geomagnetospheric Sheathes
2.5.1. Cluster observations of the development of electron temperature anisotropies in Earth’s magnetosheath
2.5.2. Electron temperature anisotropy effects on tearing mode in ion-scale current sheets
2.5.3. Cluster statistics of thin current sheets in the Earth magnetotail: Specifics of the dawn flank, proton temperature profiles and electrostatic effects
2.5.4. Energy conversion regions as observed by Cluster in the plasma sheet
2.5.5. Evolution of electron pitch angle distributions following injection from the plasma sheet
2.5.6. Statistical study of the dawn-dusk asymmetry of ion temperature anisotropy and mirror mode occurrence in the terrestrial dayside magnetosheath using THEMIS data
2.5.7. Impacts of spontaneous hot flow anomalies on the magnetosheath and magnetopause
2.6. Magnetic Field in the Magnetosheath
2.6.1. Inconsistency of magnetic field and plasma velocity variations in the distant plasma sheet: Violation of the “frozen-in”criterion?
2.6.2. High and low frequency large amplitude variations of plasma and magnetic field in the magnetosheath: radial profile and some features
2.6.3. Search for plasma and magnetic field cavities in magnetosheath
2.6.4. Cluster observations of a magnetic field cavity in the plasma sheet
2.6.5. Modeling of the magnetic field in the magnetosheath region
2.6.6. Correlation properties of magnetosheath magnetic field fluctuations
2.6.7. Effect of self-consistent magnetic field on plasma sheet penetration to the inner magnetosphere: Rice convection model simulations combined with modified Dungey force-balanced magnetic field solver
2.6.8. Magnetosheath and heliosheath mirror mode structures, interplanetary magnetic decreases, and linear magnetic decreases: Differences and distinguishing features
2.6.9. Reduced magnetic helicity behavior in different plasma regions of near(Earth space
2.6.10. Multipoint study of magnetosheath magnetic field fluctuations and their relation to the foreshock
2.6.11. Plasma sheet magnetic fields and flows during steady magnetospheric convection events
2.6.12. Two different types of plasmoids in the plasma sheet: Cluster multisatellite analysis application
2.6.13. Properties and origin of subproton-scale magnetic holes in the terrestrial plasma sheet
2.6.14. Electron scale structures and magnetic reconnection signatures in the turbulent magnetosheath
2.6.15. Inverse energy dispersion of energetic ions observed in the magnetosheath
2.6.16. MMS observations of ion-scale magnetic island in the magnetosheath turbulent plasma
Magnetospheric Sheets: Bifurcation and Flapping, Pressure Gradients, Influence of Solar Wind and IMF Conditions, ULF, EUV, Auroral Arc Waves, Dipolarization and Antidipolarization Fronts, Parallel Electric Fields, Plasmoids and Jets
3.1. Bifurcated Current Sheet and Flapping Motions
3.1.1. Formation of the bifurcated current sheet: the role of electrons
3.1.2. MHD model of the flapping motions in the magnetotail current sheet
3.1.3. A two-fluid model of the bifurcated current sheet
3.1.4. Collisionless resistivity in a bifurcated current sheet
3.1.5. Kinetic model of Janaki et al.'s bifurcated current sheet
3.1.6. Technique for diagnosing the flapping motion of magnetotail current sheets based on single-point magnetic field analysis
3.1.7. Flapping oscillations of the bent current sheet
3.2. Pressure Gradients in the Plasma Sheet
3.2.1. MHD modelling of the magnetosheath with anisotropic plasma pressure
3.2.2. Investigations of the hot plasma pressure gradients and the configuration of magnetospheric currents from Interball
3.2.3. Azimuthal plasma pressure gradient in quiet time plasma sheet
3.2.4. The effect of heat flux on pressure evolution in the magnetosheath
3.2.5. Magnetosheath pressure pulses: Generation downstream of the bow shock from solar wind discontinuities
3.2.6. On the formation of pre-onset azimuthal pressure gradient in the near-Earth plasma sheet
3.2.7. Empirical modeling of plasma sheet pressure and three-dimensional force-balanced magnetospheric magnetic field structure: 1. Observation
3.2.8. Magnetospheric response to magnetosheath pressure pulses: A low-pass filter effect
3.2.9. Sudden pressure enhancement and tailward retreat in the near-Earth plasma sheet: THEMIS observation and MHD simulation
3.3. Influence of Solar Wind and IMF Conditions, as Well as Geomagnetic Activity on Plasma Sheet
3.3.1. Numerical modelling of the Earth’s magnetosheath for different IMF orientations
3.3.2. The plasma sheet and boundary layers under northward IMF: A multi-point and multi-instrument perspective
3.3.3. Plasma sheet changes caused by sudden enhancements of the solar wind pressure
3.3.4. Magnetosheath for almost-aligned solar wind magnetic field and flow vectors: Wind observations across the dawnside magnetosheath at X = −12 RE
3.3.5. A statistical study of the inner edge of the electron plasma sheet and the net convection potential as a function of geomagnetic activity
3.3.6. Structure of the Earth’s magnetosheath at small fluctuations in the IMF direction
3.3.7. Observations of oxygen ions in the dayside magnetosheath associated with southward IMF
3.3.8. Magnetic field behavior in the magnetosheath when the IMF slightly differs from the solar wind velocity vector
3.3.9. Relations of the energetic proton fluxes in the central plasma sheet with solar wind and geomagnetic activities
3.3.10. A vortical dawn flank boundary layer for near-radial IMF: Wind observations on 24 October 2001
3.3.11. Density and temperature evolution of the plasma sheet during a simulated interval of northward interplanetary magnetic field
3.3.12. Increases in plasma sheet temperature with solar wind driving during substorm growth phases
3.3.13. Review of solar wind entry into and transport within the plasma sheet
3.3.14. Slow mode structure in the nightside magnetosheath related to IMF draping
3.3.15. Solar-wind structure propagation through the magnetosheath studied by two THEMIS probes
3.3.16. Statistical correlation of low-altitude ENA emissions with geomagnetic activity from IMAGE/MENA observations
3.4. ULF, EUV, Auroral Arc Waves, and Other Waves in the Plasma/Magneto Sheaths
3.4.1. Large-scale LF electromagnetic waves in the Earth’s magnetosheath
3.4.2. Eigen ultra-low-frequency magnetosonic oscillations of the near plasma shee
3.4.3. Ultra-low-frequency waves and associated wave vectors observed in the plasma sheet boundary layer by Cluster
3.4.4. Generation of electrostatic solitary waves in the plasma sheet boundary layer
3.4.5. Auroral wave structures and ballooning instabilities in the plasma sheet
3.4.6. EUV emissions from solar wind charge exchange in the Earth’s magnetosheath: Three-dimensional global hybrid simulation
3.4.7. On a possible connection between the longitudinally propagating near-Earth plasma sheet and auroral arc waves: A reexamination
3.4.8. Magnetosheath plasma stability and ULF wave occurrence as a function of location in the magnetosheath and upstream bow shock parameters
3.5. Aurora and Plasma Sheet Dynamics
3.5.1. A new framework for studying the relationship of aurora and plasma sheet dynamics
3.5.2. Coupling of transient plasma structures observed in the plasma sheet boundary layer and in the auroral region
3.5.3. Anisotropy of the Taylor scale and the correlation scale in plasma sheet magnetic field fluctuations as a function of auroral electrojet activity
3.6. Interaction between Terrestrial Plasma Sheet and the Lunar Surface
3.6.1. Interaction between terrestrial plasma sheet electrons and the lunar surface: SELENE (Kaguya) observations
3.6.2. Backscattered energetic neutral atoms from the Moon in the Earth’s plasma sheet observed by Chandarayaan-1/Sub-keV Atom Reflecting Analyzer instrument
3.7. Dipolarization and Antidipolarization Fronts in the Magnetotail Plasma Sheet
3.7.1. A THEMIS multicase study of dipolarization fronts in the magnetotail plasma sheet
3.7.2. Onset of collisionless magnetic reconnection in two-dimensional current sheets and formation of dipolarization fronts
3.7.3. Antidipolarization fronts observed by ARTEMIS
3.7.4. On the fine structure of dipolarization fronts
3.7.5. On the origin of pressure and magnetic perturbations ahead of dipolarization fronts
3.7.6. Responses of different ion species to fast plasma flows and local dipolarization in the plasma sheet
3.7.7. Ion beams in the plasma sheet boundary layer
3.7.8. Electron acceleration associated with the magnetic flux pileup regions in the near-Earth plasma sheet: A multicase study
3.7.9. On the current density reduction ahead of dipolarization fronts
3.8. Parallel Electric Fields, Entropy Distribution, and Ionospheric Cold Ions in Plasma Sheet
3.8.1. Development of parallel electric fields at the plasma sheet boundary layer
3.8.2. Entropy distribution in the plasma sheet
3.8.3. Transport of cold ions from the polar ionosphere to the plasma sheet
3.8.4. Propagation of small size magnetic holes in the magnetospheric plasma sheet
3.9. Plasmoids and Jets in Magnetosheath
3.9.1. On the origin of magnetosheath plasmoids and their relation to magnetosheath jets
3.10. Properties and Processes in the Current Sheets
3.10.1. A coupled map as a model of the dynamics of the magnetotail current sheet
3.10.2. Thin current sheets in the magnetotail observed by Cluster.
3.10.3. Current sheet thickness of the outer boundary of the magnetosphere as observed by four Cluster satellites
3.10.4. Cluster observations of energetic electrons and electromagnetic fields within a reconnecting thin current sheet in the Earth’s magnetotail
3.10.5. Evidence of an extended electron current sheet and its neighboring magnetic island during magnetotail reconnection
3.10.6. Interaction between kinetic ballooning perturbation and thin current sheet: Quasi-electrostatic field, local onset, and global characteristics
3.10.7. Plasmoids in reconnecting current sheets: Solar and terrestrial contexts compared
3.10.8. The effect of the longitudinal propagating waves on the electron acceleration in the reconnecting current sheet
3.10.9. Analytical description of electric currents in the magnetosheath region
3.10.10. Statistical survey on the magnetic structure in magnetotail current sheets
3.10.11. Embedded current sheets in the Earth’s magnetotail
3.10.12. Triggering of magnetic reconnection in a magnetosheath current sheet due to compression against the magnetopause
3.10.13. Adiabatic electron heating in the magnetotail current sheet: Cluster observations and analytical models
3.10.14. Asymmetry in the current sheet and secondary magnetic flux ropes during guide field magnetic reconnection
3.10.15. Thin current sheets in the presence of a guiding magnetic field in Earth’s magnetosphere
3.10.16. Euler potentials for two current sheets along ambient uniform magnetic field
3.10.17. Kinetic theory of the current sheath: I. On polarization of an equilibrium current sheath
3.10.18. Kinetic theory of the current sheat: II. Effect of polarization on the stability of a current sheath
3.10.19. Profile of strong magnetic field BY component in magnetotail current sheets
3.10.20. Storm and substorm effects on magnetotail current sheet motion
3.10.21. The orientation and current density of the magnetotail current sheet: A statistical study of the effect of geomagnetic conditions
3.10.22. Cluster observations near reconnection X lines in Earth’s magnetotail current sheet
3.10.23. Intense current sheets in the magnetotail: Peculiarities of electron physics
3.10.24. Current sheet scattering and ion isotropic boundary under 3-D empirical force-balanced magnetic field
3.10.25. On the “bowl-shaped” deformation of planetary equatorial current sheets
3.10.26. Theoretical model of a thinning current sheet in the low-β plasmas
3.10.27. Formation of self-organized shear structures in thin current sheets
3.10.28. Thin current sheets and associated electron heating in turbulent space plasma
3.10.29. Two-dimensional configuration of the magnetotail current sheet: THEMIS observations
3.10.30. Electric fields associated with small-scale magnetic holes in the plasma sheet: Evidence for electron currents
3.10.31. Challenges associated with near-Earth nightside current
3.10.32. Properties of current sheet thinning at x∼−10 to −12 RE
Main Properties, Onset and Expansion Phases of Substorms
4.1. Main Properties of Substorms
4.1.1. Substorms: definition, main phases, accompanied Auroras, and distinct from Geomagnetic Storms
4.1.2. Two competing models to explain the substorm process
4.1.3. On the origin of Substorms and accompanied Auroras
4.1.4. Possibility to resolve spatial and temporal structures in geospace by the four Cluster spacecraft during substorms
4.1.5. Substorms during solar cycles
4.2. Onset and Expansion Phase of Substorms
4.2.1. The matter of problem and short history of substorm expansion phase research
4.2.2. Substorm expansion phase and plasma sheet turbulence
4.2.3. Storm-substorm relations and high latitude currents
4.2.4. Isolated substorm onset, instabilities, possible mechanisms, micropulsations
4.2.5. Substorms, inverted V, particle acceleration, and auroral arc brightening
4.2.6. Substorms, magnetospheric currents, and plasma pressure
4.2.7. A new technique for determining Substorm Onsets and Phases from Indices of the Electrojet (SOPHIE)
4.2.8. Evidence of kinetic Alfvén eigenmode in the near-Earth magnetotail during substorm expansion phase
4.2.9. Substorm onset: A switch on the sequence of transport from decreasing entropy to increasing entropy
4.2.10. The “Alfvenic surge” at substorm onset/expansion and the formation of “Inverted Vs”: Cluster and IMAGE observations
4.3. Events Near Substorm Onset
4.3.1. Ion energization events near substorm onset
4.3.2. Dispersionless substorm ion injections observed by CRRES
4.4. Models and Simulations for Substorm Expansion Phase Onset
4.4.1. The current sheet disruption model for substorm expansion phase onset
4.4.2. Substorms as perturbed self-organized critical dynamics of the magnetosphere
4.4.3. Potential plasma instabilities for substorm expansion onsets
4.4.4. Flux transport, dipolarization, and current sheet evolution during a double-onset substorm
4.4.5. Magnetic effects of the substorm current wedge in a “spread-out wire” model and their comparison with ground, geosynchronous, and tail lobe data
4.4.6. Necessity of substorm expansions in the initiation of steady magnetospheric convection
4.4.7. Observation and modeling of the injection observed by THEMIS and LANL satellites during the substorm event
4.4.8. Substorm evolution as revealed by THEMIS satellites and a global MHD simulation
4.5. Substorms in the Earth’s Tail and Plasma Sheet
4.5.1. Earthward flowing ions in the near-Earth tail as an initial signal of the substorm onset
4.5.2. Inner magnetotail dynamics during substorms
4.5.3. Substorms in the inner plasma sheet.
4.5.4. THEMIS observations in the near-tail portion of the inner and outer plasma sheet flux tubes at substorm onset
4.5.5. Distribution of O+ ions in the plasma sheet and locations of substorm onsets
4.5.6. Enhanced transport across entire length of plasma sheet boundary field lines leading to substorm onset
4.5.7. Interball/Tail probe observations the inner magnetosphere substorm onset and particle acceleration
4.5.8. Observations of polar cap flow channel and plasma sheet flow bursts during substorm expansion
4.5.9. Inner magnetospheric onset preceding reconnection and tail dynamics during substorms: Can substorms initiate in two different regions?
4.5.10. Plasma sheet pressure evolution related to substorms
4.5.11. Distribution of Region 1 and 2 currents in the quiet and substorm time plasma sheet from THEMIS observations
4.5.12. Energy limits of electron acceleration in the plasma sheet during substorms: A case study with the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission
4.6. Substorm Trigger Processes
4.6.1. Substorm trigger processes in the magnetotail
4.6.2. Substorm activations in the quasi-trapping region
4.6.3. Substorm onset by new plasma intrusion: THEMIS spacecraft observations
4.6.4. Substorm triggering by new plasma intrusion: Incoherent-scatter radar observations
4.6.5. Substorm triggering by new plasma intrusion: THEMIS all-sky imager observations
4.6.6. Substorm triggering by poleward boundary intensification and related equatorward propagation
4.6.7. If substorm onset triggers tail reconnection, what triggers substorm onset?
4.6.8. External versus internal triggering of substorms: An information-theoretical approach
4.6.9. Anthropogenic trigger of substorms and energetic particles precipitations
4.6.10. Reasons why some solar wind changes trigger and do not trigger substorms
4.7. Observations of Individual Substorms
4.7.1. Substorm onset on 12 September 2001
4.7.2. Five-Phase Dynamics of the Substorm of October 28–30, 2003
4.7.3. Substorm at 29 January 2008: initiation region from THEMIS satellite data
4.7.4. Wave effects of sudden impulse and substorm onset in the magnetospheric morning sector on January 4, 2001
4.7.5. Modulation of the substorm current wedge by bursty bulk flows: 8 September 2002—Revisited
4.8. Location of the Substorm Onset
4.8.1. The substorm onset location controversy
4.8.2. Identification of substorm onset location and preonset sequence using Reimei, THEMIS GBO, PFISR, and Geotail
4.8.3. On the simultaneity of substorm onset between two hemispheres
4.8.4. Revised timing and onset location of two isolated substorms observed by THEMIS
4.9. Relationship between the Conditions in the Interplanetary Space and the Substorm Expansion Phase
4.9.1. Relationship between the magnetic cloud boundary layer and the substorm expansion phase
4.9.2. Comprehensive ground-based and space-based observations of substorm expansion phase onset
4.9.3. The relationship between small interplanetary magnetic flux rope and the substorm expansion phase
4.9.4. Development of substorm bulges during storms of different interplanetary origins
4.9.5. Interhemispherical asymmetry of substorm onset locations and the interplanetary magnetic field
4.9.6. Solar wind driving and substorm triggering
4.9.7. Successive substorm expansions during a period of prolonged northward interplanetary magnetic field
4.9.8. Can intense substorms occur under northward IMF conditions?
4.10. Substorm Breakup and Pseudobreakup
4.10.1. Substorm activations: comparison of fine structures
4.10.2. Plasma transport during substorm growth phase and relation to breakup
4.10.3. Comparative analysis of developed substorm breakup and pseudobreakup
4.10.4. Occurrence and properties of substorms associated with pseudobreakups
4.11. Substorms and auroras
4.11.1. The discovery and the first studies of the auroral oval
4.11.2. Equatorward moving arcs and substorm onset
4.11.3. Substorm onset and expansion phase intensification precursors seen in polar cap patches and arcs
4.11.4. Magnetically-conjugate Cluster/DMSP observations of SAID after the onset of substorm
4.11.5. On the formation and origin of substorm growth phase/onset auroral arcs inferred from conjugate space-ground observations
4.11.6. Peculiarities of the azimuthal propagation of perturbations in discrete auroral arcs during the substorm growth phase
4.11.7. Response of northern winter polar cap to auroral substorms
4.11.8. Substructures with luminosity modulation and horizontal oscillation in pulsating patch: Principal component analysis application to pulsating aurora
4.11.9. Stepwise tailward retreat of magnetic reconnection: THEMIS observations of an auroral substorm
4.12. Subauroral Polarization Stream Intensification during Substorms
4.12.1. SAPS intensification during substorm recovery: A multi-instrument case study
4.12.2. SAPS onset timing during substorms and the westward traveling surge
4.13. Measurements of the Substorm Current Wedge
4.13.1. In situ spatiotemporal measurements of the detailed azimuthal substructure of the substorm current wedge
4.13.2. Stopping flow bursts and their role in the generation of the substorm current wedge
4.13.3. Testing a two-loop pattern of the substorm current wedge (SCW2L)
Substorms: Reconnections, Particle Acceleration, and Statistical Studies
5.1. Reconnection, Convection, Turbulence, and Magnetospheric Disruptions
5.1.1. Reconnection driven lobe convection: Interball tail probe observations and global simulations
5.1.2. Kinetic simulations of reconnection and magnetospheric disruptions
5.1.3. Reconnection in the conditions of developed turbulence
5.1.4. Kinetic simulations of magnetic reconnection in presence of a background O+ population
5.1.5. On the 3-D structure and dissipation of reconnection-driven flow bursts
5.1.6. The solar wind electric field does not control the dayside reconnection rate
5.1.7. Where and when does reconnection occur in the tail?
5.2. Phenomena Induced Magnetic Reconnection
5.2.1. Some observational evidence of Alfven surface waves induced magnetic reconnection
5.2.2. Response function relating the interplanetary electric field to the dayside magnetospheric reconnection potential
5.2.3. Onset of magnetic reconnection in the presence of a normal magnetic field: Realistic ion to electron mass ratio
5.2.4. Reconstruction of the electron diffusion region
5.3. Phenomena Accompanied Magnetic Reconnection
5.3.1. Comparison of supersonic and subsonic expansion accelerations associated with fast magnetic reconnection
5.3.2. The dynamics of plasmoid in asymmetric spontaneous fast reconnection
5.3.3. Variations of magnetic field and plasma parameters in the magnetosheath related to reconnection pulses
5.3.4. Cluster observations of magnetospheric substorm behavior in the near- and mid-tail region
5.3.5. Observations of electrostatic solitary waves associated with reconnection by Geotail and Cluster
5.3.6. Hall MHD reconnection with an initial guide field BY0
5.3.7. Observations and simulations of asymmetric magnetic field reconnection
5.3.8. “Crater” flux transfer events: Highroad to the X line?
5.3.9. Survey of flux ropes and TCRs: location of the near-Earth reconnection site during solar minimum
5.3.10. The motion and orientation of FTEs produced by extended subsolar component and high-latitude antiparallel reconnection
5.3.11. Contribution of magnetotail reconnection to the cross-polar cap electric potential drop
5.3.12. Earthward plasma sheet flows during substorm phases
5.3.13. Fast tailward flows in the plasma sheet boundary layer during a substorm on 9 March 2008: THEMIS observations
5.3.14. The diffusion region in collisionless magnetic reconnection
5.3.15. A study of the changes of the near-Earth plasma sheet and lobe driven by multiple substorms: Comparison with a full particle simulation of reconnection
5.3.16. Guide field dependence of 3-D X-line spreading during collisionless magnetic reconnection
5.3.17. Inner plasma structure of the low-latitude reconnection layer
5.3.18. Slow shock formation and structure with sub-Alfvénic shear flow in magnetic reconnection
5.3.19. Plasmoid growth and expulsion revealed by two-point ARTEMIS observations
5.3.20. Electron distribution functions in the electron diffusion region of magnetic reconnection: Physics behind the fine structures
5.3.21. The plasmaspheric plume and magnetopause reconnection
5.3.22. The steepness of the magnetic shear angle “saddle”: A parameter for constraining the location of dayside magnetic reconnection?
5.3.23. Reconnection layer bounded by switch-off shocks: Dayside magnetopause crossing by THEMIS D
5.3.24. The effects of plasmaspheric plumes on dayside reconnection
5.4. Particle Acceleration during Reconnection
5.4.1. “Island surfing” mechanism of electron acceleration during magnetic reconnection
5.4.2. Super-thermal electron heating during magnetotail reconnection
5.4.3. Electron physics of asymmetric magnetic field reconnection
5.4.4. Nonthermally dominated electron acceleration during magnetic reconnection in a low-β plasma
5.4.5. The competition of electron and ion heating during magnetic reconnection
5.4.6. Chaotic charged particle motion and acceleration in reconnected current sheet
5.4.7. Cold ion heating at the dayside magnetopause during magnetic reconnection
5.4.8. Electron heating in the exhaust of magnetic reconnection with negligible guide field
5.4.9. In situ evidence of electron energization in the electron diffusion region of magnetotail reconnection
5.4.10. Statistics of energetic electrons in the magnetotail reconnection
5.4.11. Energetic electron acceleration observed by MMS in the vicinity of an X-line crossing
5.5. Observations of Magnetic Reconnections
5.5.1. Magnetic reconnection geometry from spacecraft data
5.5.2. Construction of magnetic reconnection in the near-Earth magnetotail with Geotail
5.5.3. Satellite observations of plasma physics near the magnetic field reconnection X line
5.5.4. In situ observations of flux rope at the separatrix region of magnetic reconnection
5.5.5. Magnetospheric Multiscale observations of magnetic reconnection associated with Kelvin- Helmholtz waves
5.5.6. Motion of the MMS spacecraft relative to the magnetic reconnection structure observed on 16 October 2015 at 1307 UT
5.5.7. Solar wind plasma entry observed by cluster in the high-latitude magnetospheric lobes
5.6. Reconnection Rate, FTEs and NFTEs
5.6.1. Reconstruction of the reconnection rate from Cluster data: remote sensing method
5.6.2. FTEs simultaneously observed by Polar and Cluster satellites: event 21 March 2002
5.6.3. Active phase of a substorm as a chain of two types of reconnection: in the closed plasma sheet and in the open tail lobes
5.7. THEMIS Substorm Events Implying Magnetic Reconnection as the Substorm Trigger
5.8. Magnetic Reconnection and Kelvin-Helmholtz Instabilities
5.8.1. Magnetic reconnection and possible Kelvin-Helmholtz trigger
5.8.2. Interaction of magnetic reconnection and Kelvin-Helmholtz modes for large magnetic shear
5.8.3. Magnetic islands formed due to the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability in the outflow region of collisionless magnetic reconnection
5.8.4. Kinetic evidence of magnetic reconnection due to Kelvin-Helmholtz waves
5.9. Magnetic Reconnection and Tearing Instability, Turbulence, Asymmetry, Power Density, Gyrotropy, Electron Pressure Anisotropy, Field-Aligned Currents, Alfvénic Resonance Layers
5.9.1. Magnetic reconnection: recursive current sheet collapse triggered by "ideal" tearing
5.9.2. Multi-spacecraft measurement of turbulence within a magnetic reconnection jet
5.9.3. Orientation of X lines in asymmetric magnetic reconnection—Mass ratio dependency
5.9.4. The use of the power density for identifying reconnection regions
5.9.5. Quantifying gyrotropy in magnetic reconnection
5.9.6. Scaling laws for magnetic reconnection, set by regulation of the electron pressure anisotropy to the firehose threshold
5.9.7. The particle carriers of field-aligned currents in the Earth’s magnetotail during a substorm
5.9.8. Formation of Alfvénic resonance layers in magnetic reconnection
5.9.9. Electron currents and heating in the ion diffusion region of asymmetric reconnection
5.9.10. Electron jet of asymmetric reconnection
5.9.11. MMS observations of electron-scale filamentary currents in the reconnection exhaust and near the X line
5.9.12. Cold ion demagnetization near the X-line of magnetic reconnection
5.9.13. Finite gyroradius effects in the electron outflow of asymmetric magnetic reconnection
5.9.14. Magnetic reconnection and modification of the Hall physics due to cold ions at the magnetopause
5.9.15. On the electron agyrotropy during rapid asymmetric magnetic island coalescence in presence of a guide field
5.9.16. Two-scale ion meandering caused by the polarization electric field during asymmetric reconnection
5.10. Collisionless and Spontaneous Magnetic Reconnections, Exhaust Jets
5.10.1. Evidence of Magnetic Field Switch-off in Collisionless Magnetic Reconnection
5.10.2. Spontaneous magnetic collisionless reconnection and its potential astrophysical relevance
5.10.3. Spontaneous reconnection at a separator current layer: 1. Nature of the reconnection
5.10.4. Spontaneous reconnection at a separator current layer: 2. Nature of the waves and flows
5.10.5. Three-dimensional structure and kinetic features of reconnection exhaust jets
5.11. Statistical Studies of Open Magnetic Flux And Energy Release at Substorm Onset
5.11.1. A statistical study of the open magnetic flux content of the magnetosphere at the time of substorm onset
5.11.2. Statistical study of energy release and transport midway between the magnetic reconnection and initial depolarization regions in the near-Earth magnetotail associated with substorm expansion onsets
5.12. Statistical Studies of Isolated and Non- Isolated Substorms
5.12.1. Statistical study of balanced reconnection intervals (BRIs), steady magnetospheric convections (SMCs), isolated substorms, and individual sawtooth injections
5.12.2. Statistical survey on sawtooth events, SMCs and isolated substorms
5.12.3. Statistical comparison of isolated and non-isolated auroral substorms
5.13. Relation between Solar Wind/IMF and Substorm Dynamics
5.13.1. Superposed epoch investigation of the relation between magnetospheric solar wind driving and substorm dynamics with geosynchronous particle injection signatures
5.13.2. Substorms under northward interplanetary magnetic field: Statistical study
5.14. Magnetotail Flux Transport and Magnetotail Activity during Substorms
5.14.1. Superposed epoch analysis of magnetotail flux transport during substorms observed by THEMIS
5.14.2. Statistical analysis of substorms associated with magnetotail activity
5.15. Statistical Studies of Magnetospheric Substorms and PC Index, Using Ground-Based Magnetometer Stations, Growth and Spatial Scales of the Substorm Onset Arc
5.15.1. Physical implications of discrepancy between summer and winter PC indices observed in the course of magnetospheric substorms
5.15.2. Network analysis of geomagnetic substorms using the SuperMAG database of ground-based magnetometer stations
5.15.3. Statistical characterization of the growth and spatial scales of the substorm onset arc
5.16. Investigations of Magnetic Reconnection in the Boundary Regions of the Geomagnetosphere (Particularly Along Its Dayside Boundary with the Solar Wind and the Neutral Sheet in Magnetotail)
5.16.1. Magnetospheric Multiscale Overview and Science Objectives
5.16.2. The Magnetospheric Multiscale Constellation
5.16.3. Magnetospheric Multiscale Science Mission Profile and Operations
5.16.4. The FIELDS Instrument Suite on MMS: Scientific Objectives, Measurements, and Data Products
5.16.5. The Spin-Plane Double Probe Electric Field Instrument for MMS
5.16.6. The Magnetospheric Multiscale Magnetometers
5.16.7. The Fly’s Eye Energetic Particle Spectrometer (FEEPS) sensors for the MMS mission
5.16.8. Fast Plasma Investigation (FPI) for Magnetospheric Multiscale
5.16.9. Hot Plasma Composition Analyzer (HPCA) for the MMS mission
5.16.10. Theory and modeling for the MMS mission
5.16.11. Establishing the context for reconnection diffusion region encounters and strategies for the capture and transmission of diffusion region burst data by MMS
5.16.12. What can we learn about magnetotail reconnection from 2D PIC Harris-Sheet simulations
5.16.13. Two interacting X lines in magnetotail: Evolution of collision between the counterstreaming jets
Modeling and Simulation of Magnetospheric Substorms and Related Phenomena
6.1. Multiscale and Multifractal Models
6.1.1. Multiscale model for substorms
6.1.2. Multifractal and intermittent nature of substorm-associated magnetic turbulence in the magnetotail
6.1.3. Evaluation of substorm models with Cluster observations of plasma flow reversal in the magnetotail
6.1.4. Multiscale-multifluid simulations of the 26 February 2008 substorm: Evidence for internal triggering of a substorm
6.1.5. One-way coupled openGGCM/RCM simulation of the 23 March 2007 substorm event
6.1.6. Open Geospace General Circulation Model simulation of a substorm: Axial tail instability and ballooning mode preceding substorm onset
6.1.7. Substorm convection and current system deduced from the global simulation
6.1.8. RCM-E simulation of substorm growth phase arc associated with large-scale adiabatic convection
6.2. MHD and Global Particle Simulations
6.2.1. Application of an MHD simulation to the study of substorms
6.2.2. Global particle simulation study of substorm onset and particle acceleration
6.2.3. Some “missing” elements of constraint in substorm initiation modeling
6.2.4. Substorm onset viewed by a two-dimensional, global-scale hybrid code
6.2.5. Particle simulation study of substrom triggering with a southward IMF
6.2.6. Rate of unsteady reconnection in an incompressible plasma
6.2.7. Using a global MHD model to study the start of the substorm recovery phase
6.2.8. Comparison of equivalent current systems for the substorm event of 8 March 2008 derived from the global PPMLR‐MHD model and the KRM algorithm
6.2.9. Displacement of conjugate points during a substorm in a global MHD simulation
6.2.10. Formation of transient front structure near reconnection point in 3-D PIC simulations
6.2.11. Three-dimensional dynamics of vortex-induced reconnection and comparison with THEMIS observations
6.2.12. Three-dimensional, impulsive magnetic reconnection in a laboratory plasma
6.2.13. Counter equatorial electrojet and overshielding after substorm onset: Global MHD simulation study
6.2.14. On the electron diffusion region in planar, asymmetric systems
6.2.15. Onset of reconnection in the near magnetotail: PIC simulations
6.2.16. Plasma physics of magnetic island coalescence during magnetic reconnection
6.2.17. The effect of a guide field on the structures of magnetic islands formed during multiple X line reconnections: Two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations
6.2.18. Structure of exhaust jets produced by magnetic reconnection localized in the out-of-plane direction
6.2.19. MHD simulations using average solar wind conditions for substorms observed under northward IMF conditions
6.3.1. Near earth current meander (NECM) model of substorms
6.4. Substorms as Nonequilibrium Magnetosphere Transitions
6.4.1. Substorms as nonequilibrium transitions of the magnetosphere
6.4.2. Organization of the magnetosphere during substorms
6.5. Models with Anisotropic Pressure
6.5.1. Petschek shocks of reconnection for anisotropic pressure
6.5.2. Slow shock and rotational discontinuity in MHD and Hall MHD models with anisotropic pressure
6.6. Spontaneous Fast and Steady-State Reconnection Models
6.6.1. Study of three-dimensional plasmoid dynamics by the spontaneous fast reconnection model: effects of dawn-dusk magnetic field
6.6.2. Theoretical model of steady-state magnetic reconnection in collisionless incompressible plasma based on the Grad–Shafranov equation solution
6.6.3. “Ideal” tearing and the transition to fast reconnection in the weakly collisional MHD and EMHD regimes
6.7. Asymmetric Reconnection
6.7.1. Kinetic signatures of the region surrounding the X line in asymmetric (magnetopause) reconnection
6.7.2. Electron energization and structure of the diffusion region during asymmetric reconnection
6.7.3. On the electron diffusion region in asymmetric reconnection with a guide magnetic field
6.8. Coupling of Charged Particles via Coulombic Interactions
6.8.1. Coupling of charged particles via Coulombic interactions: Numerical simulations and resultant kappa-like velocity space distribution functions
6.9. Modeling a Force-Free FTE during Substorms and Rice Convection Model
6.9.1. Modeling a force-free flux transfer event probed by multiple THEMIS spacecraft
6.9.2. Rice convection model simulation of the substorm-associated injection of an observed bubble into the inner magnetosphere
6.9.3. Rice convection model simulation of the substorm-associated injection of an observed plasma bubble into the inner magnetosphere and simulation results
6.10. Outside–in and inside–out Scenarios; Nonlinear Dynamical Bifurcation Model
6.10.1. Substorms on February 26, 2008: synthesis of the outside–in and inside–out scenarios
6.10.2. Magnetospheric substorm: loss of the magnetoplasma equilibrium as a nonlinear dynamical bifurcation
6.11. Mechanism of Substorm Current Wedge Formation
6.11.1. Mechanism of substorm current wedge formation: THEMIS observations
6.11.2. The substorm current wedge in MHD simulations
6.11.3. The substorm current wedge: further insights from MHD simulations
6.12. State Space Model and Advances in Understanding Substorm Dynamics
6.12.1. Prediction of magnetic substorms using a state space model
6.12.2. Recent advances in understanding substorm dynamics
6.13. Substorms: Pre-Onset Arc, as response to IMF Discontinuities, Modeling Spontaneous Reconnection, Birkeland Currents, and Westward Traveling Surge
6.13.1. Relation of substorm pre-onset arc to large-scale field-aligned current distribution
6.13.2. Substorm-like magnetospheric response to a discontinuity in the Bx component of IMF
6.13.3. Substorms associated with azimuthal turnings of the IMF
6.13.4. Mechanisms of spontaneous reconnection
6.13.5. Modeling Birkeland currents
6.13.6. Substorm simulation: Formation of westward traveling surge
6.14. Substorms and Auroral Phenomena
6.14.1. Auroral bulge formation as the result of isoline mapping of magnetic flux tube volume
6.14.2. Simultaneous closed magnetic field line polar arcs and substorms
6.14.3. Flow bursts in the plasma sheet and auroral substorm onset: observational constraints on connection between midtail and near-earth substorm processes
6.14.4. On the occurrence of auroral westward flow channels and substorm phase
6.14.5. Relationship between substorm auroras and processes in the near-Earth magnetotail
6.14.6. Auroral electrons during substorm on March 12, 1991: acceleration, injection, and dynamics
6.14.7. Auroral medium frequency burst radio emission associated with the 23 March 2007 THEMIS study substorm
6.14.8. Superposed epoch analysis of auroral evolution during substorms: Local time of onset region
6.14.9. Importance of auroral features in the search for substorm onset processes
6.14.10. Optical characterization of the growth and spatial structure of a substorm onset arc
6.14.11. Stepwise feature of aurora during substorm expansion compared with the near-Earth tail dipolarization: Possible types of substorm dynamics
6.14.12. Substorm cycle dependence of various types of aurora
6.14.13. Varying IMF BY effects on interhemispheric conjugate auroral features during a weak substorm
6.14.14. Energy source for auroral electrons from two proposed substorm onset processes
6.14.15. Evaluation of SuperMAG auroral electrojet indices as indicators of substorms and auroral power
6.14.16. Joule heating associated with auroral electrojets during magnetospheric substorms
6.14.17. Longitudinal variations of nighttime electron auroral precipitation in both the Northern and Southern hemispheres from the TIMED global ultraviolet imager
6.14.18. Pi1B pulsations as a possible driver of Alfvénic aurora at substorm onset
6.14.19. Saw-tooth substorms: Inconsistency of repetitive bay-like magnetic disturbances with behavior of aurora
6.14.20. Substorm and magnetosphere characteristic scales inferred from the SuperMAG auroral electrojet indices
6.14.21. Specific features in the countermotion of substorm auroral intensifications
6.14.22. Auroral particle precipitation characterized by the substorm cycle
6.14.23. Interaction of substorm injections with the subauroral geospace: 1. Multispacecraft observations of SAID
6.14.24. Large flow shears around auroral beads at substorm onset
6.14.25. Substorm onset process: Ignition of auroral acceleration and related substorm phases
6.14.26. Magnetic mapping effects of substorm currents leading to auroral poleward expansion and equatorward retreat
6.15. Multiscale Phenomena Associated with Substorms
6.15.1. Multiscale phenomena in the near-Earth magnetosphere
6.15.2. Formation of polarization jet during injection of ions into the inner magnetosphere
6.15.3. Morning polar substorms and variations in the atmospheric electric field
6.16. Substorms and Magnetic Field Dipolarizations
6.16.1. Geotail spacecraft observations of plasma flow rotations at magnetic field dipolarization in near-tail during substorm expansion
6.16.2. A global synthesis model of dipolarization at substorm expansion onset
6.16.3. Physics of substorm growth phase, onset, and dipolarization
6.16.4. Implication of multiple dipolarization event near 9 RE for the physics of substorms
6.16.5. Observation and modeling of the injection observed by THEMIS and LANL satellites during the 23 March 2007 substorm event
6.16.6. Stepwise feature of aurora during substorm expansion compared with the near-Earth tail depolarization: Possible types of substorm dynamic
6.16.7. Pressure changes associated with substorm depolarization in the near-Earth plasma sheet
6.16.8. Interaction of dipolarization fronts within multiple bursty bulk flows in global MHD simulations of a substorm on 27 February 2009
6.16.9. Onset of collisionless magnetic reconnection in two-dimensional current sheets and formation of dipolarization fronts
6.16.10. Periodic black auroral patches at the dawnside dipolarization front during a substorm
6.16.11. Coupling of dipolarization front flow bursts to substorm expansion phase phenomena within the magnetosphere and ionosphere
6.16.12. Dipolarization fronts as a consequence of transient reconnection: In situ evidence
6.16.13. Electron fluxes and pitch-angle distributions at dipolarization fronts: THEMIS multipoint observations
6.16.14. Flow bouncing and electron injection observed by Cluster
6.16.15. On the increasing oscillation period of flows at the tailward retreating flux pileup region during dipolarization
6.17. Formation of Downstream High-Speed Jets
6.17.1. Formation of downstream high-speed jets by a rippled nonstationary quasi-parallel shock: 2-D hybrid simulations
Substorms Energetics, Relation with Magnetic Storms, Pulsations, Turbulence, Plasma Bubbles, Substorm Index, and Jets
7.1. Substorms and Geomagnetosphere Energetics
7.1.1. Energy supply processes for solar flares and magnetospheric substorms
7.1.2. Magnetosphere energetics during substorm events: IMP-8 and GEOTAIL observations
7.1.3. Energetics of a substorm on 15 August, 2001: Comparing empirical methods and a global MHD simulation
7.1.4. Substorms and their solar wind causes
7.1.5. The energy release of substorm and magnetic storm: Its present state and future improvements by KuaFu mission
7.1.6. Sawtooth substorms generated under conditions of the steadily high solar wind energy input into the magnetosphere: Relationship between PC, AL and ASYM indices
7.1.7. Where is the magnetic energy for the expansion phase of auroral substorms accumulated?
7.2. Relation between Substorms and Magnetic Storms
7.2.1. Relation of PC index to the solar wind parameters and substorm activity in time of magnetic storms
7.2.2. Storm-substorm relations and high latitude currents
7.2.3. Identification of substorms within storms
7.2.4. Simultaneous FAST and Double Star TC1 observations of broadband electrons during a storm time substorm
7.2.5. An information theory approach to the storm(substorm relationship
7.3. Energetic Neutral Atoms (ENAs) during Substorms
7.3.1. POLAR CEPPAD/IPS energetic neutral atom images of a substorm injection
7.3.2. Mass-dependent evolution of ENA energy spectra during storm time substorms: Implication for O+ nonadiabatic acceleration
7.3.3. Comparative analysis of low-altitude ENA emissions in two substorms
7.4. Energetic Charged Particles during Substorms
7.4.1. Energetic particle bursts before the main substorm injection
7.4.2. Ion composition of substorms during storm-time and non-storm-time periods
7.4.3. Detailed analysis of low-energy electron streaming in the near-Earth neutral line region during a substorm
7.4.4. Observation of mixed ion populations deep inside earth magnetosphere as evidence for reconnection during northard IMF with substantial By component
7.4.5. Energetic electron precipitation during substorm injection events: High-latitude fluxes and an unexpected midlatitude signature
7.4.6. Radial propagation velocity of energetic particle injections according to measurements on board the cluster satellites
7.4.7. Electron acceleration signatures in the magnetotail associated with substorms
7.4.8. Observations of energetic electrons up to 200 keV associated with a secondary island near the center of an ion diffusion region: A Cluster case study
7.4.9. GPS TEC technique for observation of the evolution of substorm particle precipitation
7.4.10. Modeling substorm ion injection observed by the THEMIS and LANL spacecraft in the near-Earth magnetotail
7.4.11. Properties of energetic particle bursts at dawnside magnetosheath: Cassini observations during the 1999 Earth swing-b
7.4.12. Combined THEMIS and ground-based observations of a pair of substorm-associated electron precipitation events
7.4.13. Electron acceleration in the reconnection diffusion region: Cluster observations
7.4.14. Global simulation of proton precipitation due to field line curvature during substorms
7.4.15. Undulations in MeV solar energetic particle fluxes in Earth’s magnetosphere associated with substorm magnetic field reconfigurations
7.4.16. Fundamental properties of substorm-time energetic electrons in the inner magnetosphere
7.4.17. Evidence for injection of relativistic electrons into the Earth’s outer radiation belt via intense substorm electric fields
7.4.18. Regions of ion energization observed during the Galaxy-15 substorm with TWINS
7.4.19. Electron demagnetization and heating in quasi-perpendicular shocks
7.5. Substorms and Plasmas-Energetic Processes in the Ionosphere
7.5.1. Plasma convection in the Earth’s magnetosphere and ionosphere during substorms
7.5.2. The role of the Hall effect in collisionless magnetic reconnection
7.5.3. Open magnetic flux and magnetic flux closure during sawtooth events
7.5.4. Response of large-scale ionospheric convection to substorm expansion onsets: A case study
7.5.5. Regularities in changes of the daytime and nighttime electric fields in the ionosphere during a substorm
7.5.6. Combining incoherent scatter radar data and IRI-2007 to monitor the open-closed field line boundary during substorms
7.5.7. Influence of heavy ionospheric ions on substorm onset
7.5.8. Ionospheric convection signatures of tail fast flows during substorms and PBIs
7.5.9. Multipoint observations of substorm pre-onset flows and time sequence in the ionosphere and magnetosphere
7.5.10. Ionospheric signatures of a plasma sheet rebound flow during a substorm onset
7.5.11. Coordinated ionospheric observations indicating coupling between preonset flow bursts and waves that lead to substorm onset
7.5.12. Event study combining magnetospheric and ionospheric perspectives of the substorm current wedge modeling
7.5.13. Global-scale ionospheric flow and aurora precursors of auroral substorms: Coordinated SuperDARN and IMAGE/WIC observations
7.6. Substorms and Magnetic Activity, Pulsations, Turbulence, Plasma Bubbles, New Substorm Index, Space Climate, CR Asymptotic Directions, X-Ray Emission, Polarization Jet and Injection Boundary of Energetic Ions
7.6.1. Relationship between substorm activity and magnetic disturbances in two polar caps
7.6.2. Intermittency in midlatitude Pi2 pulsations observed during magnetospheric substorms and in the absence of these phenomena
7.6.3. Formation of substorm Pi2: A coherent response to auroral streamers and currents
7.6.4. Specific features of daytime long period pulsations observed during the solar wind impulse against a background of the substorm of August 1, 1998
7.6.5. Time history of events and macroscale interactions during substorms observations of a series of hot flow anomaly events
7.6.6. Spatial distribution of the eddy diffusion coefficients in the plasma sheet during quiet time and substorms from THEMIS satellite data
7.6.7. Deformation of plasma bubbles and the associated field aligned current system during substorm recovery phase
7.6.8. Wave structure of magnetic substorms at high latitudes
7.6.9. Wp index: A new substorm index derived from high-resolution geomagnetic field data at low latitude
7.6.10. Space climate implications from substorm frequency
7.6.11. Effect of magnetospheric substorms on asymptotic directions of arrival of cosmic ray relativistic protons
7.6.12. Global X-ray emission during an isolated substorm - a case study
7.6.13. Position Variations of the Polarization Jet and Injection Boundary of Energetic Ions during Substorms
References for Monographs and Books
Plasmas and Energetic Processes in the Geomagnetosphere. Volume II: Plasmas/Magnetic and Current Sheets, Reconnections, Particle Acceleration, and Substorms
( Physics Research and Technology )
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