Front Cover

Networks of Invasion: A Synthesis of Concepts

Copyright

Contents

Contributors

Preface

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter One: Impacts of Invasive Species on Food Webs: A Review of Empirical Data

1. Introduction

2. Definitions and Limits

2.1. Invasive Species: An ``Anthropocentric Concept´´

2.2. Measuring Impacts on Food Webs: Objects of Study and Methodology

3. Local Effects: Effect of Invaders at One or Two Steps of Distance

3.1. Top-Down Effects

3.1.1. Invasive Predators May Have Large Impacts on Resident Species

3.1.2. Ecological and Evolutionary Naïveté Exacerbate the Impact of Invasive Predators

3.1.3. Top-Down Effect of Invasions May Result in Trophic Cascades

3.2. Lateral Effects of Invaders: Exploitative Competition

3.2.1. Exploitative Competition is Expressed as a Two-Step Path in a Food Web

3.2.2. Extinctions by Competition Between Introduced and Native Species Are Relatively Rare

3.2.3. Asymmetry in Competition Impacts, Lack of Coevolutionary History, and Invasion Filter

3.2.4. Exploitative Competition May Be Mixed With Other Interactions

3.2.5. The Case of Invasive Fruit Flies Illustrates Asymmetric Competitive Interactions Between Invaders and Residents

3.3. Bottom-Up Effects of Invaders

3.3.1. Invaders Provide Direct Benefits but Indirect Costs to Local Predators

3.3.2. Coevolutionary History and Invasion Filter Underlie Enemy Release

3.4. Apparent Competition Between Invaders and Residents

3.5. Facilitation, Mutualisms, and Engineering: Nontrophic Indirect Interactions

4. Global Effects: Invasions at Food Web Scale

4.1. Food Web Structure as a Biotic Filter

4.1.1. Species Diversity Might Increase Food Web Resistance to Invasion

4.1.2. Effects of Food Web Structure on Invasion: Beyond Diversity

4.1.3. Food Web Ecological and Evolutionary History Might Affect Its Biotic Resistance

4.2. Position of Invasive Species in Food Webs

4.2.1. Trophic Level May Act as an ``Invasion Filter´´

4.2.2. Generalism, Vulnerability, and Interaction Strength of Invasive Species

4.2.3. Dissimilarity Between Invasive and Noninvasive Positions in Food Webs: Weak Evidence?

4.3. Impacts of Invasions on Food Web Structure

4.3.1. Additive Effects on Food Web Structure and Beyond

4.3.2. Effects Beyond Additions: Is Species Loss a Common Effect?

4.3.3. Effects Beyond Additions: Changes in Interactions Might Be Frequent

4.3.4. Effects Beyond Additions: Propagation Through the Food Web or Attenuation?

5. How Does a Network Perspective Influence the Management of Invasive Species?

5.1. Preventing Invasions From a Network Perspective

5.2. Using Ecological Networks to Limit Impacts or Exclude Invaders

5.3. Implications of Invader Removal From a Network Perspective

6. Conclusion

6.1. Future Directions

Acknowledgements

Glossary

References

Chapter Two: The Effects of Invasive Species on the Decline in Species Richness: A Global Meta-Analysis

1. Introduction

2. Methods

2.1. Selection Criteria

2.2. Data Analysis

2.3. Publication Bias

3. Results

3.1. Trophic Position of Invaders

3.2. Taxonomic Classification of the Invaders

3.3. Effects of Invasion Within Recipient Communities

3.4. Effects of Invasion Depending on Habitat Types

3.5. Spatial Distribution of Species Loss

3.6. Comparison to the ISSG Top 100 Worst Invasive Species List

3.7. Publication Bias

4. Discussion

4.1. Species Richness Changes

4.2. Geographical Distribution of Species Loss

4.3. Reconsidering Invasive Species Management Policies

4.4. Perspectives

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter Three: Invasions Toolkit: Current Methods for Tracking the Spread and Impact of Invasive Species

1. Introduction

2. Detecting and Monitoring Spatiotemporal Changes of Invaders and Invaded Communities at Different Scales

2.1. Direct Methods for Reconstructing Past and Current Invasion History

2.1.1. Palaeogenetics and Fossil Records

2.1.2. Historical Observations and Museum Records

2.1.3. Large-Scale Monitoring Through Citizen Science

2.1.4. Molecular Techniques

2.2. Indirect Methods for Reconstructing Past and Current Invasion History

2.2.1. Population Genetics

2.2.2. Chemical Fingerprinting

3. Identifying and Monitoring Ecological Interactions of and With Invasive Species

3.1. Trophic Interactions

3.1.1. Stable Isotopes

3.1.2. Molecular Techniques

3.1.3. Other Methods

3.2. Mutualistic Interactions

3.3. Parasitic Interactions

4. Measuring the Impact of Biological Invasions on Ecosystem Functions

5. Using Empirical Data for Improving Our Predictive Capability Through Modelling and Machine-Learning Approaches

5.1. Predictive Models

5.1.1. Principle

5.1.2. Types of Models

5.2. Machine Learning

5.2.1. Principle

5.2.2. Applications

6. Perspectives and Challenges Ahead

6.1. Methodological Challenges and Perspectives

6.1.1. Molecular Techniques

6.1.2. Stable Isotopes

6.2. Perspectives and Challenges for Network Reconstruction

6.2.1. Interaction Network Models

6.2.2. Machine Learning

6.3. Societal Challenges and Perspectives for Management

Acknowledgements

Glossary

References

Chapter Four: Island Biogeography of Food Webs

1. Introduction

1.1. Island Biogeography

1.2. Spatial Food Webs

1.3. Invasions in Food Webs, Eco-evolutionary Perspectives

1.4. Invasions in Other Spatially Structured Networks

2. Island Biogeography of Food Webs

2.1. The Model

2.1.1. Explaining the TTIB With a Simple Example

2.1.2. A More General Presentation of the TTIB

2.2. Simple Insights

2.2.1. A Linear Food Chain

2.2.2. One Predator, Several Prey

2.2.3. Multipartite Network as a Food Web

2.3. Interpretation in Terms of Food Web Transitions

2.3.1. Reformulation in Terms of Transitions Between Community States

2.3.2. Reasonable Approximations

2.3.3. Deriving Species Richness

3. Effects of Mainland Food Web Properties on Community Assembly

3.1. Simulating the Model

3.1.1. Generating Directed Networks With Given Structural Properties

3.1.1.1. Generating the Sequence of Degrees for a Given Degree Distribution

3.1.1.2. Generating a Graph With a Prescribed Degree Sequence

3.1.1.3. Directing the Links

3.1.2. Generating Modular Networks

3.1.3. Defining a Null Model

3.1.4. Network Properties of Interest

3.1.4.1. Connectance

3.1.4.2. Trophic Levels

3.1.4.3. Degree Distribution

3.1.4.4. Modularity

3.1.5. Running Simulations

3.2. Results Obtained When Controlling Mainland Food Web Richness, Connectance, Degree Distribution and the Proportion of ...

3.2.1. Effects on Species Diversity on the Island

3.2.2. Effects on the Degree Distribution on the Island

3.2.3. Effects on Secondary Extinctions on the Island

3.2.4. Effects on Food Web Connectance and Average Degree on the Island

3.2.5. Effects on the Number of Trophic Levels on the Island

3.2.6. Effects on Food Web Modularity on the Island

3.3. Results Obtained Using the SBM to Generate Mainland Food Web

3.3.1. Effects of Modularity on Species Richness

3.3.2. Effects of Modularity on Secondary Extinctions

4. Discussion

4.1. Legacies of Island Biogeography Theory

4.2. The Future of Island Biogeography Theory

4.2.1. A General Theory for Sampling the Regional Species Pool

4.2.2. Abundance and Energy

4.2.3. Environmental Heterogeneity

4.2.4. Network Macroevolution

4.2.5. Biological Invasions

4.3. Using the TTIB to Model Species Distribution

4.4. From Theory to Data

Acknowledgements

Appendix. Breadth-First Directing of the Links in the Generated Network

References

Chapter Five: Robustness Trade-Offs in Model Food Webs: Invasion Probability Decreases While Invasion Consequences Increa ...

1. Introduction

2. Methods

2.1. The Niche Model

2.2. Nonlinear Dynamic Model

2.3. Generating Persistent Webs

2.4. Invasion Simulations

3. Results

4. Discussion

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter Six: 14 Questions for Invasion in Ecological Networks

1. Introduction

Question 1. What is an Invader from the Perspective of Ecological Networks?

2. Structural Considerations for Invasion in Ecological Networks

Question 2. How does Empty Niche Space Influence Network Invasibility?

Question 3. Are Invasive Species Connected to Invaded Food Webs in Particular Ways Relative to Native Species?

Question 4. Do Distinct Types of Species Interactions Influence Invasion Success in Different Ways?

3. Functional Considerations for Invasion in Ecological Networks

Question 5. How do Invaders Affect the Distribution of Biomass in Invaded Networks?

Question 6. How do Invaders Change Patterns of Ecosystem Functioning, Particularly Nutrient Cycling, in Invaded Networks?

4. Evolutionary Considerations for Invasion in Ecological Networks

Question 7. Does the Relationship Between Evolved Phenotypic Traits of Invasive Species and Invaded Networks Influence th ...

Question 8. How can we Use Phylogenetic Similarity to Better Understand Invasions in Networks?

Question 9. How do Invasive Species Affect Subsequent Network Evolutionary Dynamics?

5. Dynamical Considerations for Invasion in Ecological Networks

Question 10. How do the Impacts of Invaders on Invaded Networks Change Over Time and How does Network Structure Influence ...

Question 11. Does Invasion Influence the Probability of Subsequent Invasion in Ecological Networks?

Question 12. How does the [In]Stability of the Network Facilitate or Prevent Invasions?

6. Future Directions for Research in Invasion Networks

Question 13. How does Spatial Connectivity Influence Ecological Networks and What are the Implications for the Study of I ...

Question 14. How can we Integrate HTS Tools to Monitor Networks Before and After Invasions?

7. Conclusion

References

Index

Advances in Ecological Research Volume 1-56

Cumulative List of Titles

Back Cover