Chapter
3. THE APPEARANCE OF ENTOMOPHILOUS POLLINATION
4. FUNCTIONAL GROUPS OF INSECT POLLINATORS AND POLLINATION SYNDROMES
5. THE MUTUALISM BETWEEN PLANTS AND POLLINATING INSECTS AND THE RADIATION OF ANGIOSPERMS
6. THE ENTOMOPHILOUS POLLINATION: A NEVER-ENDING SOURCE OF PROBLEMS FOR PLANTS
7. THE ROLE OF FLOWER MORPHOLOGY IN ENTOMOPHILOUS POLLINATION
8. CONSTANTLY EVOLVING INSECT–PLANT INTERACTIONS
Two - Evolution of Plant–Insect Interactions: Insights From Macroevolutionary Approaches in Plants and Herbivorous ...
2. RECONSTRUCTING THE HISTORY OF THE ASSOCIATIONS WITH PLANTS
2.1 Phylogenetic History of Plant–Insect Interactions and Evolution of Host Range
2.2 Diversification Dynamics of Herbivorous Insects
2.3 Historical Biogeography of Herbivorous Insects
3. CONCLUSION AND PERSPECTIVES
3.3 Perspective – Integrating Fossil and Phylogenetic Evidence Into Macroevolutionary Studies on Insect–Plant Evolution
Three - From Plant Exploitation to Mutualism
2. DEFENCE AGAINST PREDATORS
2.1 Sequestration or Metabolism?
2.1.1 Example of Metabolism Excretion
2.1.2 Example of Toxic Compounds Sequestration
2.1.3 Example of Precursor Sequestration and De Novo Biosynthesis
2.2 Energy Cost of Chemical Defence
2.3 Modes of Action of Secondary Metabolites on Predators
2.4 Diversity of Chemical Defence Types
2.4.1 Defence Against Insect Predators
2.4.2 Defence Against Noninsect Predators
3. HOST PLANT MANIPULATION
3.1 Insect-Induced Effects on Plants
3.1.1 Remodelling From Ultrastructure to Anatomy
3.1.2 Interaction With Primary Metabolism
3.1.3 Interaction With Secondary Metabolites
3.2 Mechanisms Involved in Plant Manipulation
3.2.2 Plant Growth Regulators
3.2.3 Behaviour and Cooperation With Conspecifics
3.2.4 Cooperation With Other Organisms
3.2.4.1 Fungal Contribution to Manipulating Tree Defences
3.2.4.2 Modulation of the Fungal Contribution to Manipulating Tree Defences
3.3 Outcomes of the Interaction
3.3.1 Consequences for Plant Vigour and Survival
3.3.2 Costs and Benefits for the Insects
3.3.3 Modulation of Plant Manipulation
3.3.3.1 Host-Related Factors Including Host Resistance
3.3.3.2 Site-Related Factors
4. MUTUALISM: A RESULT OF COEVOLUTION? GENETIC AND FUNCTIONAL ASPECTS
4.1 Pollination Mutualisms
4.1.1 From Generalists to Specialists
4.1.2 Overview of Obligate Pollination Mutualisms
4.2 The Fig/Pollinator Mutualism
4.2.1 Origin, Diversity, Biogeography
4.2.2 Monoecy, Dioecy and How to Protect Seeds
4.2.3 Coadaptation and Cospeciation
4.3 Obligate Pollination Mutualisms Interacting With Other Trophic Levels
4.3.1 A Community of Parasites on the Fig–Fig Wasp Mutualism
4.3.2 A Community of Predators on the Fig–Fig Wasp Mutualism
4.3.3 Towards a Network of Interactions
Four - Food Webs and Multiple Biotic Interactions in Plant–Herbivore Models
3. FUNCTIONAL TYPES OF ORGANISMS/CLASSIFICATION OF SPECIES WITHIN FOOD WEBS
3.3 Herbivorous or Phytophagous Guilds
4. TROPHIC CASCADES FROM PLANTS TO INSECT PREDATORS
4.1 Trophic Cascade Concept
4.2 Complexity Within Tritrophic Systems
4.2.2 Herbivorous/Phytophagous Levels
4.2.3 Multiple Interactions at Primary Producer Level
4.2.4 Multiple Trophic Interactions Around Vine
4.3 Trophic Cascade Control
4.3.2 Controls by Physical and Chemical Factors of the Environment
5. APPLICATIONS OF TROPHIC CASCADES FOR MANAGEMENT
6. NONTROPHIC INTERACTIONS IN FOOD WEBS
6.1 Positive Interactions of Plants Against Herbivory
6.2 Susceptibility to Herbivory Due to Plant Neighbourhood
6.3 Plant Competition and Herbivory
6.4 Competition Between Herbivores
6.5 Behaviour-Mediated Trophic Cascades
Five - Chemical Signatures in Plant–Insect Interactions
2. PLASTICITY AND SPECIFICITY OF THE CHEMICAL INFORMATION
2.1 Plasticity and Specificity in Pheromone Communication
2.2 Relevant Examples of Intraspecific Variation in Moth Sexual Communication
2.1.1 Pheromone Races of Ostrinia nubilalis (Fig. 1A)
2.1.2 Geographic Variation in Spodoptera frugiperda (Fig. 1B)
2.1.3 Within-Population Variation in Heliothis virescens (Fig. 1C)
2.1.4 Phenotypic Plasticity in Heliothis subflexa Due To Varying Chemical Environments (Fig. 1D)
2.1.5 Phenotypic Plasticity in Mamestra brassicae Due To Varying Light Regimes (Fig. 1E)
2.3 Plasticity and Specificity in Plant Volatile Organic Compounds
2.3.1 Major Groups of Plant Volatiles
2.3.2 Plant Physiological Functions of VOCs and Diel Periodicity
2.3.3 Genotypic Diversity of Plant VOCs
2.3.4 Relationship of Plant VOCs With Climate Changes and Pollution
2.3.5 Mechanism of Plant–Plant Communication
3. PLANT–INSECT CHEMICAL INTERACTION IN REPRODUCTION
3.1 Host Plant Chemical Signal and Reproduction
3.2 Species for Which the Host Plant Is the “Rendezvous” Place
3.3 Species for Which Host Plants Are Sex Pheromone Precursor
4. PLANT–INSECT CHEMICAL INTERACTION IN HOST FINDING FOR OVIPOSITION
4.1 Case of Insects That Do Not Mate on the Host Plant
4.2 Case of Specialized Insects that Mate and Oviposit on the Host Plant
Six - The Plant as a Habitat for Entomophagous Insects
2. THE PLANT: PLACE OF PREDATION AND PARASITISM
2.1 In-flight Search for Host and Prey
2.2 Searching for Hosts While on Plants and Host Acceptance
2.3 Learning and Memory Involved in Host Searching
3. THE PLANT, PLACE OF DEVELOPMENT
3.1 Effects of Plant Physical Traits on Entomophagous Insect Development
3.2 Effects of Plant Defensive Chemistry on Entomophagous Insect Development
4. EFFECTS OF NATURAL ENEMIES ON PLANT DEFENCE TRAITS
5. THE PLANT AS FOOD SOURCE
5.1 Characteristics and Use of Pollen
5.2 Characteristics and Use of Floral Nectar
5.3 Characteristics and Use of Extrafloral Nectar
5.4 Characteristics and Use of Honeydew
6. THE ROLES OF LOCAL PLANT COMPOSITION AND LANDSCAPE COMPLEXITY ON DIVERSITY, ABUNDANCE AND THERMOTOLERANCE OF ENTOMOPHAGOUS ...
6.1 Insect Communities and Biomes
6.2 Landscape-Scale Habitat Complexity and Fragmentation
6.3 Local-Scale Plant Heterogeneity
6.4 Plant-Made Microclimate and Consequences on the Third Trophic Level
Seven - Influence of Microbial Symbionts on Plant–Insect Interactions
2. DIVERSITY OF INSECT MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES AND ECOLOGICAL DYNAMICS OF INSECT HOST–MICROBE INTERACTIONS
2.1 Diversity of the Symbionts Associated With Herbivorous Insects
2.2 Characterization of Microbial Diversity in Insects: Identification and Localization
2.3 Symbiont Transmission and Acquisition at the Inter-generational Level
3. DIRECT EFFECTS OF SYMBIONTS IN PLANT–INSECT INTERACTIONS
3.1 Influence on Insect Nutrition and Metabolism
3.2 Influence on Insect Immunity and Plant Exploitation
3.3 Influence on Plant Nutritional Status and Morphology
3.4 Impact on Plant Secondary Metabolism/Plant Immunity
3.5 Genes Acquired by Horizontal Gene Transfer That Influence Plant–Insect Interactions
4. INDIRECT EFFECT OF SYMBIONTS IN PLANT–INSECT INTERACTIONS: INSECT- AND PLANT-MEDIATED INDIRECT EFFECTS
4.1 Impact on Insect Reproduction
4.2 Interactions With Natural Enemies of Herbivores: Protection Versus Attraction
4.3 Interactions With Plant Pathogens: Influence of Insect Symbionts on Plant Pathogen Transmission
5. ECOLOGICAL DIVERSIFICATION AND INSECT DIVERSIFICATION AND SPECIALIZATION
5.1 Ecological Diversification and Plant Specialization
5.2 Reproductive Isolation and Speciation
5.3 Evolutionary Dynamics of Plant–Insect–Microbe Interactions
6. CONCLUSION AND OUTLOOK
Eight - How Host Plant and Fluctuating Environments Affect Insect Reproductive Strategies?
2. EFFECT OF HOST PLANT QUALITY ON MALE AND FEMALE REPRODUCTION
2.1 Effects of the Host Plant Quality on Larval Development and Consequences on Female Reproductive Output
2.1.1 Host Plant and Clutch Size
2.1.2 Host Plant and Egg Size
2.2 Effect of Host Plant on Male Reproductive Output
2.2.1 Male Attractiveness and Competitive Ability
2.2.2 Sperm and Associated Substances Production
2.2.3 Consequences on Male Mate Choice
2.2.4 Effect of Exposure to Host Plant Volatiles on Male Reproductive Output
3. INSECT REPRODUCTIVE STRATEGIES IN RISKY ENVIRONMENTS
3.1 Evolutionary Strategies in Risky Environments
3.2 Dealing With Unpredictable Variation Here and Now
3.2.2 Egg Size and Number
3.2.3 Traits That Are Often Described as Bet-Hedging but may not Be
3.3 Dealing With Unpredictable Variation Elsewhere or Later
3.3.3 Hatching Asynchrony
3.3.5 Pausing in Social Insects
3.4 Future Challenges: Life-History Syndromes
Nine - Plant–Insect Interactions in a Changing World
2. DIRECT EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON PLANT–INSECT INTERACTIONS
2.1 The Plant Side: Impact of Climate Change on Plant Defence Mechanisms
2.1.1 Effect of Elevated CO2 on Plant Defence and Resistance to Herbivore
2.1.2 Effect of Elevated Temperature on Plant Defence and Resistance to Herbivore
2.2 The Insect Side: Impacts of Climate Change on Herbivore Performance
2.2.1 Effect of CO2 Addition on Insect Performance
2.2.2 Effect of Temperature on Insect Performance
2.3 Impact of Climate Change on Pollinators
3. INDIRECT EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON PLANT–INSECT INTERACTIONS
3.1 Plants Responses Matter for Insects
3.1.1 Impacts of Climate Change on the Plant Nutritional Quality for Herbivores
3.1.2 Cascading Effects of Changing the Plant Eco-Physiology on the Insect Microclimate
3.2 Biotic Interactions Matter for Insects
3.2.1 Thermal Traits Diverge Across the Different Components of a Multitrophic System
3.2.1.1 Development Time and Growth Rate
3.2.1.2 Metabolic Rate, Longevity and Fecundity
3.2.1.6 Virus Transmission
3.2.2 Synchronization Between Trophic Levels
3.2.2.1 Phenological Synchronization
3.2.2.2 Spatial Synchronization
3.2.3 Impacts at the Guild or at the Community Levels
4. IMPACT OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES ON PLANT–INSECT INTERACTIONS
4.1 The Main Anthropogenic Drivers Affecting Plant–Insect Interactions
4.1.1 Effects of Human Eco-Engineering
4.1.1.1 Influence of Agrosystems
4.1.1.2 Making Landscapes From Ecosystems
4.1.1.3 Urbanization Effects
4.1.2 Evolutionary Responses to Accidental Anthropogenic Drivers
4.1.2.1 The Effects of Non-Intentional Anthropogenic Drivers
4.1.2.2 Community Disturbances (Introductions, Population Declines and Species Extinctions)
4.2 Impact of Pollution on Plant–Insect Interactions
4.2.1 Bottom–Up Effects of Pollution
4.2.1.1 Location and Recognition of Plants
4.2.1.2 Nutritional Quality of Plants
4.2.1.3 Changes in Chemical and Physical Plant Defences
4.2.2 Top–Down and Guild Effects of Pollution
5. CONCLUSION AND PERSPECTIVES
Ten - Conservation Biological Control in Agricultural Landscapes
2. BASIC PRINCIPLES IN CONSERVATION BIOLOGICAL CONTROL: PROVISIONING OF KEY RESOURCES IN SPACE AND TIME
3. ON-FIELD MANAGEMENT OPTIONS FOR REDUCING PEST POPULATIONS AND ENHANCING BIOLOGICAL PEST CONTROL
3.1 Diversity in Space and Time at the Field Scale
4. PEST ABUNDANCE AND BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AT THE LANDSCAPE SCALE
4.1 Arthropod Dynamics at the Landscape Scale
4.2 Effect of Landscape Context on Pest Pressure and Biological Control Services
5. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NATURAL ENEMY COMMUNITY STRUCTURE AND THE LEVEL OF BIOLOGICAL CONTROL
5.1 Emergent Effects of Natural Enemy Species Richness
5.2 Effects of Community Evenness and Functional Diversity
6. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE CHALLENGES
Insect-Plant Interactions in a Crop Protection Perspective
( Volume 81 )
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