Chapter
Dynamic Formation of the Biocorona
Impact of the NP-Biomolecule Corona on Human Systems
Nanotoxicity and the Biomolecule Corona
Chapter 2 - Physicochemical Characterization
Overview of Key Physicochemical Parameters
Modalities of Physicochemical Characterization
Particle Size, Size Distribution, Agglomeration, and Aggregation
Specific Surface Area and Porosity
Chemical Composition, Purity, and Crystal Structure (Crystallinity)
Surface Chemistry (and Contamination)
Surface Charge Density and Stability in Dispersion
Dispersibility and Solubility
Sample Preparation and Dispersion Media
Data Collection and Interpretation
Chapter 3 - Toxicity Tests: In Vitro and In Vivo
Methods for Visualizing Cellular Uptake and Biodistribution
Evaluation of Transport and Uptake of ENM In Vitro and In Vivo
Limitations of In Vitro Tests
New In Vitro Test Principles
Validated Cytotoxicity Tests
Chronic Toxicity and Carcinogenicity
Considerations for Selection of Toxicity Tests: In Vitro/In Vivo Comparison
Chapter 4 - Computational Approaches
Challenges in Modeling Nanoparticle Biological Effects
Examples of Nanotoxicology Modeling Approaches
Quantum Chemical Studies of Toxicity of Nanoparticles
Statistical Modeling and Machine Learning Methods
Nanotoxicological Fingerprints to Classify Nanomaterials
Molecular Modeling and Molecular Dynamics Methods
Elucidating Interactions Between Nanomaterials and Proteins
Other Modeling Approaches for Nanotoxicology
Chapter 5 - Exposure Assessment
How can Workers be Exposed to ENMs?
Characterization of Behavior of ENMs
Challenges to Assess Exposure to ENMs
Exposure Assessment of ENMs in Workplaces
Evidence for Release of Engineered Nanoparticles in the Workplace
Harmful Effects on Workers
How to Measure Nanoparticles: Metrics
How to Measure Nanoparticles: Measurement Strategies
Instruments Measuring Number Concentration
Instruments Measuring Surface Concentration
Instruments Measuring Mass Concentration
Instruments Giving Indirect Estimates
Sample Collection and Characterization
ENM Modifications After Their Release
Chapter 6 - Biomonitoring
Issues in the Development of Biomarkers for Engineered Nanomaterials
Factors Affecting Biomarkers of Exposure
Inflammation and Oxidative Stress
Genetic and Epigenetic Biomarkers
Intercellular Communication
Toward Nanospecific and Predictive Biomarkers
Biomonitoring in Health Surveillance and Epidemiology
Biomonitoring Programs: Practical and Ethical Considerations
Chapter 7 - Regulation and Legislation
Risk Assessment of Nanomaterials
Regulation Areas for Nanomaterials
Environmental/Human Health
Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA)
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA)
Food Safety and Medical Applications
Plant Protection Products and Biocidal Products
Cosmetic Products Regulation
Medicinal Products and Medical Devices
Master Plans on Nanosafety Management
Nanotechnology Relevant Standard Development
Research Activities to Support Safety of Nanomaterials
Nanotechnology Relevant Standard Development
Chapter 8 - Risk Assessment and Risk Management
Consideration of Exposure for Nanomaterial Risk Assessment
Estimation of Nanomaterial Organ Burden at the Primary Site of Contact
Estimation of Nanomaterial Systemic Exposure
Nanomaterial Hazard Assessment by Toxicological Properties
Nanomaterial Hazard Assessment by Local Toxicity
Nanomaterial Hazard Assessment by Short-Term Toxicity
Nanomaterial Hazard Assessment by Carcinogenesis
Nanomaterial Hazard Assessment by Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity
Grouping of Nanomaterials to Streamline Hazard and Risk Assessment
Consideration of Cellular and Apical Effects for Nanomaterial Grouping
Nanomaterial Risk Assessment and Risk Management
Section B - Engineered nanomaterials: adverse effects on human health
Chapter 9 - Respiratory System, Part One: Basic Mechanisms
Nanoparticle Deposition and Clearance From the Lungs
Aerodynamic Equivalent Diameter
Genotoxicity and Carcinogenesis
Processes and Mechanisms Underlying Particle-Induced Effects in the Pleuro-Pulmonary System
Chapter 10 - Respiratory System, Part Two: Allergy and Asthma
Allergic Reactions and Asthma
Engineered Nanoparticles and Allergy
Carbon Nanotubes and Allergic Pulmonary Inflammation
Modulation of Allergen-Induced Airway Inflammation by CNTs
Mechanisms of CNT-Induced/Mediated Allergic Responses
Chapter 11 - Cardiovascular System
Diagnostic Applications in Cardiovascular Disease
Nanotechnology in Medical Imaging
Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles
Lipid-Based Nanoparticles
Particokinetics of Nanomaterials for Diagnostic Use
Combustion-Derived Nanoparticles in Cardiovascular Disease
Toxicity of Engineered Nanoparticles in Cardiovascular Disease
Chapter 12 - Neurological System
ENM Translocation to and Within the Nervous System
ENM Effects on Blood–Brain Barrier Permeability and Function
Transport Across Cell Membranes and Intercellular Transport of ENMs
ENM Interactions With Biological Structures Including the Nervous System
Biotransformation and Persistence of ENMs in the Nervous System
Adverse Effects of ENMs Related to Nervous System Functions and Disease
Nervous System Effects of In Vivo ENM Exposure
Nanocadmium and Quantum Dots
In Vitro Studies of ENM Effects
In Silico Studies of ENM Effects
Human Studies of ENM Effects
Risk Assessment of Nanomaterials
Chapter 13 - Immune System
The Immune System Strikes Back
Adaptive Immune Responses
Nanomaterials and Allergies
Immunosuppression by Nanomaterials
Definitely Not Innocent Bystanders
Turning the Tables: Biomedical Applications
Chapter 14 - Endocrine System
Which Endocrine Organs are Disrupted by NMs?
How Do NMs Functionally Disrupt Endocrine Organs?
The Physicochemical Properties of NMs
The Exposure Patterns of NMs
The Tissue Distribution of NMs
The Biological Mechanisms of Effects on Organs
Skin Anatomy and Functions
Carbon-Based Nanomaterials
Carbon-Based Nanomaterials
Chapter 16 - Gastrointestinal System
Conditions and Barriers in the Gastrointestinal Tract
Uptake of Nanomaterials in the Gastrointestinal Tract
In Vitro Models to Study Uptake
Potential Toxicity of Nanomaterials in the Gastrointestinal Tract
Chapter 17 - Reproduction and Development
Male Reproductive Function
Nanoparticles and Developmental Toxicity
Metal-Based Nanoparticles
Polystyrene Nanoparticles
Chapter 18 - Genotoxicity and Cancer
Primary Mechanisms for Genotoxicity
Secondary Mechanisms for Genotoxicity
From Genotoxicity to Cancer
Carbon–Based Nanomaterials
Fullerene (C60) and its Derivatives
Graphene and Graphene Oxide
Other Carbon-Based Materials
Conclusions and Future Directions
Adverse Effects of Engineered Nanomaterials
：Exposure, Toxicology, and Impact on Human Health
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