Chapter
2 - Multifunctional Micro- and Nanoparticles
1.3 Trojan Microparticles
1.4 Multifunctional Micro- and Nanoparticles
2. MICRO- AND NANOMATERIALS IN THE SYNTHESIS OF MULTIFUNCTIONAL CARRIERS
2.1 Lipid-Based Micro/Nanocarriers
2.1.3 Solid-Lipid Nanoparticles
2.2 Polymeric Micro/Nanocarriers
2.2.1.1 Chitosan-Based Micro/nanoparticles
2.3 Inorganic Micro/Nanocarriers
2.3.2 Magnetic Nanoparticles
3. TYPES OF FUNCTIONAL MOIETIES
3.2 Proteins and Antibodies
4. FUNCTIONALIZATION OF MICRO- AND NANOPARTICLES
4.1 Methods of Conjugating Functional Moieties to Micro- and Nanoparticles
3 - Nanomicelles in Diagnosis and Drug Delivery∗
2. NANOMICELLE PREPARATION
3. APPLICATION OF NANOMICELLE IN DIAGNOSTICS AND IMAGING
3.2 Magnetic Resonance Imaging
3.3 Near-Infrared Fluorescent Imaging
4. APPLICATION OF NANOMICELLES IN DRUG DELIVERY
4.1 Solubilize Poorly Water-Soluble Drugs
4.2 Targeted Nanomicelles
4.3 Stimuli-Responsive Nanomicelles
4.3.2 Temperature Sensitive
4.3.4 Ultrasound Responsive
4.4 Multifunctional Nanomicelle Carrier
4 - Diagnosis and Drug Delivery to the Brain: Novel Strategies
2. BARRIERS FOR BRAIN DRUG DELIVERY
3. PHYSIOLOGY OF THE BLOOD–BRAIN BARRIER
3.1 Conventional Strategies for Brain Drug Delivery
4. INVASIVE DRUG DELIVERY APPROACHES
4.1 Convection Enhanced Drug Delivery
4.2 BBB Permeability Modulation
4.3 Ultrasound-Mediated BBB Disruption
4.4 Optical Modulation of Vascular Permeability
5. NONINVASIVE DRUG DELIVERY APPROACHES
5.1 Chemical Derivatization
5.3 Transporter-Targeted Prodrugs
5.4 Intranasal Drug Delivery
6. NANOTECHNOLOGY APPROACHES
6.2 Polymeric Nanoparticles
6.4 Magnetic Nanoparticles
7. ACTIVE BLOOD–BRAIN BARRIER TARGETING STRATEGIES
7.1 Absorptive-Mediated Transcytosis
7.2 Transporter-Mediated Transcytosis
7.3 Receptor-Mediated Transcytosis
7.4 Blood–Brain Tumor Barrier Targeting Strategies
8. NOVEL NANOPLATFORMS AND DELIVERY VEHICLES FOR BBB TARGETING
8.1 Mesenchymal Stem Cells
9. DEVELOPMENT OF NEURODIAGNOSTIC NANOIMAGING PLATFORMS
9.1 Conventional Imaging Modalities
9.3 Hybrid Imaging Using Optical Contrast
5 - Emerging Nanotechnology for Stem Cell Therapy
2. APPLICATION OF NANOPARTICLES IN ISOLATION OF STEM CELLS
3. APPLICATION OF NANOPARTICLES IN STEM CELL TRACKING
4. ROLE OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN REGULATING MICROENVIRONMENT OF STEM CELLS: POTENTIAL ROLES IN TISSUE ENGINEERING
5. NANOPARTICLES AS MACROMOLECULAR DELIVERY SYSTEMS FOR STEM CELLS
6. FUTURE PROSPECTS AND CHALLENGES FACING THE FIELD
6 - Nanoparticulate Systems for Therapeutic and Diagnostic Applications
2. WHY NANOTECHNOLOGY AND NANOMEDICINE?
3. TYPES OF NANOPARTICLES IN DRUG DELIVERY
3.1 Nonrigid Nanoparticles
3.1.1.1 Lipid Film Hydration Method for Preparation of Liposomes
3.1.1.2 Drug Loading Liposomes by the Passive Loading Method
3.1.1.2.1 Passive Drug Loading by Mechanical Dispersion—Sonication Method
3.1.1.2.2 Passive Drug Loading by Mechanical Dispersion—Extrusion Method
3.1.1.2.3 Passive Drug Loading by Mechanical Dispersion—Freeze-Thaw Technique
3.1.1.2.4 Passive Loading by Solvent Dispersion—Ether Injection Method
3.1.1.2.5 Passive Drug Loading by Solvent Dispersion—Ethanol Injection Method
3.1.1.2.6 Passive Drug Loading by Solvent Dispersion—Reverse Phase Evaporation Method
3.1.1.3 Purification of Liposomes—Detergent Removal Methods
3.1.1.4 In Vitro and In Vivo Studies Involving Liposomes
3.1.1.5 Challenges Associated With Liposomes
3.1.2 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles
3.1.2.1 Methods to Prepare Solid Lipid Nanoparticles
3.1.2.1.1 Hot Homogenization
3.1.2.1.2 Cold Homogenization
3.1.2.1.3 Microemulsification
3.1.2.2 Solvent Emulsification–Evaporation Method
3.1.2.2.1 Solvent Emulsification–Diffusion
3.1.2.3 Drug Incorporation in Solid Lipid Nanoparticles
3.1.2.4 Challenges Associated With Solid Lipid Nanoparticles
3.1.2.5 Stability of Solid Lipid Nanoparticles
3.2.1 Biodegradable Polymeric Nanoparticles
3.2.1.1 Preparation of Polymeric Nanoparticles
3.2.1.2 Laboratory-Scale Preparation of Polymeric Nanoparticles
3.2.1.2.1 Solvent Evaporation Method
3.2.1.2.2 Spontaneous Emulsification/Solvent Diffusion Method
3.2.1.2.3 Salting Out/Emulsion Diffusion Method
3.2.1.2.4 Nonaqueous Phase Separation Method
3.2.1.2.5 Nanoparticle Preparation by the Emulsion Polymerization Method
3.2.1.3 Large-Scale Production of Nanoparticles
3.2.1.3.1 Supercritical Fluid Technology—Rapid Expansion of Supercritical Solution
3.2.1.4 In Vitro and In Vivo Studies Involving Nanoparticles
3.2.1.5 Challenges Associated With Polymeric Nanoparticles
3.2.2 Carbon Nanotubes and Nanohorns
3.2.3.1 Methods of Preparation
3.2.3.1.1 Coprecipitation
3.2.3.1.2 Thermal Decomposition
3.2.3.1.4 Hydrothermal Synthesis
3.2.3.1.5 Sonochemical Synthesis
3.2.3.2 Applications of Magnetic Nanoparticles in Drug Delivery
7 - Peptide and Protein-Based Therapeutic Agents∗
2. CHALLENGES WITH PEPTIDE AND PROTEIN THERAPEUTICS
3. CHEMICAL MODIFICATIONS
4. MICRO- AND NANOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOLOGICS IN DRUG DELIVERY
4.1 Microparticles or Microspheres
5. PROTEIN- AND PEPTIDE-BASED THERAPEUTICS
5.1 Therapeutic Applications
5.2 Diagnostic Applications
5.2.1 Magnetic Nanoparticles
5.2.2 Carbon Nanotubes and Gold Nanoparticles
5.2.3 Other Protein/Peptide Diagnostics
8 - Nanotechnology in Intracellular Trafficking, Imaging, and Delivery of Therapeutic Agents
1.1 Nanotechnology in Intracellular Trafficking
2.1 Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis
2.2 Caveolae-Mediated Endocytosis
2.3 Clathrin and Caveolae-Independent Mechanisms
2.5 Clathrin-Independent Carriers/Glycosylphosphotidylinositol-Anchored Protein Enriched Early Endosomal Compartments Pathway
2.6 Flotillin-Mediated Endocytosis
3.2 Different Phases in Intracellular Trafficking of Nanomaterials
3.3 Early Endocytic Vesicles
3.4 Late Endosomes—Multivesicular Bodies
3.6 Intracellular Trafficking of Nanomaterials
3.7 Mechanisms of Particle Uptake Into Cell Nucleus
3.8 Imaging Technology for Intracellular Trafficking of Nanostructures
3.8.1 Confocal Microscopy
3.8.2 Quantum Dots and Gold Nanoparticles
9 - Electrospun Nanofibers in Drug Delivery: Fabrication, Advances, and Biomedical Applications
1.1 Process of Electrospinning
1.2 Parameters Influencing the Electrospinning Process and Fiber Characteristics
1.2.2 Polymer Molecular Weight
1.2.7 Distance Between the Needle Tip and Collector
1.2.8 Environmental Factors (Humidity and Temperature)
2. STIMULI-RESPONSIVE NANOFIBERS IN DRUG DELIVERY APPLICATIONS
2.1 pH-Responsive Systems
2.2 Light-Activated Systems
2.3 Thermoresponsive Systems
2.4 Ultrasound-Responsive Systems
2.5 Enzyme-Responsive Systems
2.6 Oxidative Stress–Responsive Systems
2.7 Carbohydrate-Responsive Systems
2.8 Multiresponsive Systems
2.9 Challenges in Stimuli-Responsive Drug Delivery Applications of Nanofibers
3. APPLICATIONS OF ELECTROSPUN NANOFIBERS
3.1 Electrospun Nanofibers in Tissue Engineering
3.1.1 Skin Tissue Engineering
3.1.2 Bone Tissue Engineering
3.1.3 Cardiac Tissue Engineering
3.1.4 Nerve Tissue Engineering
3.2 Electrospun Nanofibers Applications in Dentistry
3.3 Electrospun Nanofibers Application in Ocular Injuries
3.4 Electrospun Nanofibers in Drug Delivery
3.4.1 Transdermal Drug Delivery System
3.5 Electrospun Nanofibers in Biomedical Application
3.6 Biosensor and Immunoassay
10 - Nanosystems for Diagnostic Imaging, Biodetectors, and Biosensors
2. NANOSYSTEMS AS PLATFORMS FOR ADVANCED DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING
2.1 Iron Oxide Nanoparticles
3. DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING WITH NANOSYSTEMS
3.1 Magnetic Resonance Imaging
4.1.1 Immobilized Enzyme Film Glucose Biosensors
4.1.2 Nanoparticle/Carbon Nanotube–Based Glucose Biosensors
4.1.2.1 Mechanism of Implantable Biosensor
4.1.2.2 Nonenzymatic Glucose Biosensors
4.1.3 Mechanism of Nonenzymatic Glucose Biosensors
4.2.1 Mechanism of Microcantilever Deflection
4.2.1.1 Microcantilevers as Cancer Detectors
4.2.1.2 Microcantilevers in Coronary Heart Diseases
4.2.1.3 Microcantilevers in Nucleotide Polymorphisms
4.2.1.4 Biochips in Microcantilevers
11 - Micro- and Nanotechnology-Based Implantable Devices and Bionics
2. BIOCOMPATIBILITY ISSUES OF IMPLANTS
3. MICROTECHNOLOGY-BASED IMPLANTABLE DEVICES AND BIONICS
3.2 Drug Delivery Devices
4. NANOTECHNOLOGY-BASED IMPLANTABLE DEVICES AND BIONICS
4.2 Drug Delivery Devices
5. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES
12 - Solid Lipid Nanoparticles in Drug Delivery: Opportunities and Challenges
2. COMPONENTS OF SOLID LIPID NANOPARTICLES
3. SOLID LIPID NANOPARTICLE PRODUCTION TECHNIQUES
3.1 High-Pressure Homogenization
3.1.1 Hot Homogenization Technique
3.1.2 Cold Homogenization Technique
3.2 Microemulsion-Based Technique
3.3 Solvent Emulsification–Evaporation Technique
3.4 Solvent Displacement Technique
3.5 Emulsification–Diffusion Technique
4. DRUG-LOADING CAPACITY OF SOLID LIPID NANOPARTICLES
5. DRUG INCORPORATION MODELS OF SOLID LIPID NANOPARTICLES
6. DRUG RELEASE FROM SOLID LIPID NANOPARTICLES
6.1 Influence of Temperature
6.2 Influence of Surfactants
7. APPLICATIONS OF SOLID LIPID NANOPARTICLES FOR DRUG DELIVERY
7.1 Routes of Administration of SLNs
7.1.1 Oral Administration
7.1.3 Topical Administration
7.1.4 Pulmonary Administration
7.1.5 Rectal Administration
7.1.6 Ocular Administration
7.2 Application of Solid Lipid Nanoparticles for Delivery of Hydrophilic Drugs: PEG Coating
7.3 SLNs as Potential Carriers of Anticancer Agents
7.3.1 Significance of Solid Lipid Nanoparticles as Anticancer Carriers
7.3.2 Incorporation of Hydrophilic Anticancer Actives in Solid Lipid Nanoparticles
8. STABILITY CONCERNS OF SOLID LIPID NANOPARTICLES
8.1 Influence of Shear Forces and Lipid Concentration
8.2 Influence of the Surface of the Packing Material
8.3 Properties of the Lipids: SLNs Versus Bulk Material
8.4 Stability and Storage Conditions
8.5 Gelling Tendency: Temperature Versus Shear Forces
8.6.1 Physical Stability due to Changes in Lipids
8.6.1.2 Lipid Modification
8.6.2 Physical Stability due to Changes in Colloidal Lipid Dispersion
8.7.1 Phospholipid Stability
8.7.2 Triglycerides Stability
9. TOXICITY ASPECTS OF SOLID LIPID NANOPARTICLES
10. DIAGNOSTIC APPLICATIONS OF SOLID LIPID NANOPARTICLES
11. IN VIVO FATE OF SOLID LIPID NANOPARTICLES
13 - Microneedles in Drug Delivery
2. SKIN STRUCTURE AND BARRIER TO TRANSDERMAL DELIVERY
3.4 Dissolving Microneedles
3.5 Hydrogel-Forming Microneedles
4. SELECTION OF MICRONEEDLE DESIGNS FOR APPLICATIONS
5. COMMERCIAL MICRONEEDLE DEVICES
14 - Nanotechnology-Based Medical and Biomedical Imaging for Diagnostics
2. FLUORESCENCE-BASED IMAGING AND DIAGNOSTICS
3. NANOCARRIERS IN BIOLOGICAL IMAGING
3.1 Inorganic Nanomaterials
3.1.1 Magnetic Nanoparticles
3.1.3 Silica Nanoparticles
3.1.5 Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering
3.2.1 Gadolinium Nanoparticles
3.2.2 Radiolabeled Nanoparticles
3.2.3 Radiolabeled Liposomes
3.2.4 Radiolabeled Iron Oxide Nanoparticles
3.2.7 Radiolabeled Nanomicelles
4. PHOTOACOUSTIC AND ULTRASOUND IMAGING
15 - Drug and Gene Delivery Materials and Devices
2. ADVANCES IN DELIVERY SYSTEMS
2.1.1 Nano Drug Delivery Systems
3.1 Viral Vector Approach
3.2 Nonviral Vector Approach
5. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE DIRECTION
Emerging Nanotechnologies for Diagnostics, Drug Delivery and Medical Devices
( Micro and Nano Technologies )
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