Chapter
A new phase of critical care neurology
Chapter 2: Airway management and mechanical ventilation in acute brain injury
Respiratory anatomy and physiology
Effects of hyperoxia and hypoxia on brain physiology
Effects of PCO2 and pH on brain physiology
Preparation for intubation
Preparation for the difficult airway and mask ventilation scenarios
Contraindications to (elective) intubation
Alternatives to intubation
Preintubation neurologic evaluation
Reducing peri-intubation risk
Clinical trials and guidelines
Complex clinical decisions
Induction medication issues to consider in the neurocritically ill
Intubation in the setting of elevated intracranial pressure
Intubation in the setting of impaired cerebral perfusion
Intubation of the patient with unstable cervical spine
Problems in ventilation after acute brain injury
Effects of hyperventilation and hypoventilation on brain physiology
Acidemic and alkalemic hypocarbia: potential for suppression of spontaneous hyperventilation
Purposeful hyperventilation to control elevated ICP
Hypoxia and hyperoxia exacerbate primary brain injury
Acute respiratory distress syndrome
Airway pressure can affect intracranial pressure
Liberating of the ventilator
Chapter 3: Neuropulmonology
Neurocritical disorders associated with pulmonary disease
Neurogenic pulmonary edema
Acute respiratory distress syndrome
Hospital course and management
Chapter 4: Neurocardiology
Basic anatomy and physiology of neurocardiology
Specific cardiac diseases in neurocritically ill patients
Cardiac dysfunction and subarachnoid hemorrhage
Pathogenesis of SAH neurogenic stunned myocardium
Management of SAH neurogenic stunned myocardium
Tako-tsubo cardiomyopathy
Chapter 5: Principles of intracranial pressure monitoring and treatment
Neuropathology and pathophysiology of intracranial hypertension:
Essential principles and semiquantitative relationships
Cerebral autoregulation and pressure-volume compensation
Clinical presentation and neurodiagnostics
Attempts to measure ICP and CPP noninvasively
Typical waves and trends observed in ICP monitoring
Cerebrovascular pressure reactivity and autoregulation
Optimal CPP and critical ICP
Pressure-volume compensatory reserve
Other methods of ICP analysis
Consequences of raised ICP observed with multimodal brain monitoring
Cerebral biochemistry/microdialysis
Cerebral electric activity
Hospital course and management
Treatment of raised intracranial pressure
First level of treatment intensity: prevention of intracranial hypertension
Second level of treatment intensity
Hyperosmolar treatment: mannitol and hypertonic saline
Third level of treatment intensity - therapies with controversial impact on outcome
Metabolic suppression - barbiturate coma
Decompressive craniectomy
Treatment of acute exacerbations of intracranial pressure
Is ICP monitoring useful?
Chapter 6: Multimodal neurologic monitoring
Intracranial pressure monitoring
Jugular venous bulb oximetry
Intraparenchymal cerebral oxygen monitoring
Near-infrared spectroscopy
Brain metabolism and cerebral microdialysis
Transcranial doppler ultrasonography
Bioinformatics and the future of MMM
Chapter 7: Continuous EEG monitoring in the intensive care unit
Detection and management of seizures:
Clarifying the nature of movements
Monitoring depth of sedation
Grading severity of encephalopathy
Technical and logistic considerations
Raw EEG vs. quantitative displays
Controversies and future endeavors
Chapter 8: Management of the comatose patient
Causes of coma and prevalence
Neurologic examination of the comatose patient
Classifying coma syndromes
Laboratory tests and neuroimaging
Management of the comatose patient
Chapter 9: Management of status epilepticus
Myoclonic status epilepticus
Convulsive status epilepticus
Nonconvulsive status epilepticus in coma
Nonconvulsive status epilepticus without coma
Absence status epilepticus
Focal nonconvulsive status epilepticus without impaired consciousness
Focal nonconvulsive status epilepticus with impaired consciousness
Epilepsia partialis continua
Neurodiagnostics and imaging
Hospital course and management
Refractory status epilepticus
Continuous EEG monitoring
Complex clinical decisions
Progress to anesthetics in NCSE with preservation of consciousness
Progress to anesthetics in comatose patients with NCSE
NCSE patterns in critical illness
Palliative care in superrefractory status epilepticus
Immunosuppression in autoimmune encephalitis and NORSE
Management of status epilepticus in pregnancy
Chapter 10: Critical care in acute ischemic stroke
Indications for ICU stroke care
Large cerebral hemisphere or cerebellar hemisphere infarction
Infarction with hemorrhagic transformation
Reperfusion injury and hemorrhagic transformation
Postthrombolysis transfers
Neurodiagnostics and neuroimaging
Transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiograms
Hospital course and management
Intravenous thrombolysis trials
Patient management prior to IV tPA
Patient management after IV tPA
Intra-arterial thrombolysis
Intra-arterial thrombectomy
Patient management after endovascular therapy
Intensive care of the acute ischemic stroke patient
Blood pressure management
Deep vein thrombosis prophylaxis
Clinical trials and guidelines
Complex clinical decisions
Chapter 11: Management of intracerebral hemorrhage
Neurodiagnostics and imaging
Hospital course and management
Management of hypertension
Management of coagulopathy
Management of hyperglycemia
Management of venous thromboembolism
Complex clinical decisions
Management of intracranial pressure and cerebral perfusion pressure
Management of intraventricular hemorrhage
Chapter 12: Management of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage
Natural history of aneurysmal SAH
Aneurysm formation and rupture
Delayed cerebral ischemia
Microcirculatory dysfunction
Cortical spreading depolarization/ischemia
Neurodiagnostics and imaging
Magnetic resonance imaging
Determining the cause of SAH
Hospital course and management
Initial management and prevention of rebleeding
Complications and secondary treatment
Delayed cerebral ischemia
Prophylaxis and treatment
Increased intracranial pressure
Clinical trials and guidelines
Complex clinical decisions
Chapter 13: Management of acute neuromuscular disorders
Neuromuscular respiratory failure
Chapter 14: Critical care management of traumatic brain injury
Clinical neuropathology and pathophysiology
Nonfocal (diffuse) pathology
Genetic modulation of disease course and outcome in TBI
Molecular mechanisms of injury
Brain swelling, dysautoregulation, and energy failure
Abnormalities in vasomotor tone and reactivity
Bedside neurodiagnostics and monitoring
Bedside multimodality monitoring
Hospital course and management
First-line strategies and basic intensive care
Routine ICU interventions
``Second-line´´ and rescue therapies
ICP and CPP management protocols
Clinical trials and guidelines
Complex clinical decisions
Hemostatic abnormalities after TBI
When to start thromboprophylaxis
Monitoring the nonassessable patient
Balancing second-tier therapies
Managing multiple trauma in the context of TBI
Chapter 15: Management of acute traumatic spinal cord injuries
Clinical presentation and prehospital management
Field triage and spine clearance
Complications of spinal immobilization
Methods of spinal immobilization
Transportation of the patient
Hospital course and management
Initial hospital evaluation
Initial radiographic analysis
Closed cervical spine reduction
Management of blunt cervical trauma-associated vascular injuries
Deep venous thrombosis prophylaxis
Clinical trials and guidelines
Chapter 16: Decompressive craniectomy in acute brain injury
What (technically) is decompressive craniectomy?
Frontotemporoparietal hemicraniectomy
Decompressive craniectomy for trauma
Decompressive hemicraniectomy for hemispheric stroke
Randomized controlled trials of decompressive craniectomy for malignant middle cerebral artery infarction
Pooled analysis of decimal, destiny, and hamlet
Decompressive hemicraniectomy in the elderly
Decompressive craniectomy combined with hypothermia
Complications of decompressive craniectomy
Hemorrhagic complications of decompressive craniectomy
Infectious and inflammatory complications of decompressive craniectomy
Complications of CSF flow and dynamics
Syndrome of the trephined
Complications of cranioplasty following decompressive craniectomy
Quality of life after decompressive craniectomy
Chapter 17: Diagnosis and management of spinal cord emergencies
Metastatic epidural spinal cord compression
Autoimmune, demyelinating, and other inflammatory myelopathies
Neurodiagnostics and imaging
Positron emission tomography
Hospital course and management
Respiratory failure and spinal shock
Metastatic epidural spinal cord compression
Spinal cord infarct due to aortic dissection
Spondylotic compressive myelopathies
Inflammatory demyelinating myelitis
Chapter 18: Diagnosis and management of acute encephalitis
Neurodiagnostics and neuroimaging
Hospital course in specific disorders
Flavivirus encephalitides
Japanese encephalitis virus
Immune-mediated encephalitis
Chapter 19: Management of bacterial central nervous system infections
Community-acquired bacterial meningitis
Hospital-acquired bacterial meningitis
Community-acquired bacterial meningitis
Hospital-acquired bacterial meningitis
Neurodiagnostics And imaging
Community-acquired bacterial meningitis
Hospital-acquired bacterial meningitis
Hospital course and management
Community-acquired bacterial meningitis
Hospital-acquired bacterial meningitis
Clinical trials and guidelines
Community-acquired bacterial meningitis
Hospital-acquired bacterial meningitis
Complex clinical decisions
Community-acquired bacterial meningitis
Brain abscess and subdural empyema
Chapter 20: Management of infections associated with neurocritical care
Infections in the neurosciences intensive care unit
Aspiration and bronchial cultures
Diagnosis and microbiology
Diagnosis and microbiology
Intraventricular administration of antibiotics
Prevention of ventriculitis
Postneurosurgical wound infections
Chapter 21: Determinants of prognosis in neurocatastrophes
Definition of severe brain injury
Etiologic classification of severe brain injury
Recovery of consciousness
Recovery of higher neuropsychologic processing
Recovery of functional independence
Functional and metabolic neuroimaging
Somatosensory evoked potentials
Long-latency evoked potentials
Brain-specific serum markers
Anoxic-ischemic encephalopathy
Anoxic-ischemic encephalopathy
Chapter 22: Family discussions on life-sustaining interventions in neurocritical care
Common neurologic disorders frequently requiring assessment of life-sustaining interventions
Surrogate decision makers
General principles of effective communication
Communication strategies in the ICU
Step 1: S - setting up the interview
Step 2: P - assessing the patient or patient's family perception
Step 3: I - obtaining the patient or family invitations
Step 4: K - giving knowledge and information to the patient and family
Step 5: E - addressing the patient's emotions with empathic responses
Step 6: S - strategy and summary
Role of prognostic models and factors associated with de-escalation of life-sustaining interventions
Discussion on illness trajectories
discussion of significance of mechanical ventilation
Conflict and conflict resolution
Religious and spiritual support
Brain death and organ donation
Chapter 23: Organ donation protocols
Defining deceased organ donors
Demand and supply mismatch
Neurointensive care unit and organ donation
Donation after circulatory determination of death
Identification of potential cDCD candidates
Cold storage versus machine perfusion
Controlled DCD protocols and practice guidelines
Uncontrolled DCD protocols and practice guidelines
Organ recovery prior to death
Organ preservation: issues with consent and timing of interventions
Continuation of resuscitation efforts versus donation in uDCD
Donation after brain determination of death
Evolution of the definition of brain death
Identification of likely BD candidates
Organ support after procurement
DBD protocols and practice guidelines
Acceptance of brain death by families
Brain death concept and controversies
Critical Care Neurology Part I
：Neurocritical Care
( Volume 140 )
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