Cover

Title page

Copyright page

Contents

Contributors

Preface

Acknowledgments

Section A - Overview of pain: Mechanisms of causation and treatment by foods

Chapter 1 - Overview of Pain in Livestock: Mechanism to Nutritional Control

Introduction

Acute Pain

Chronic Pain

Nutritional Cure

Minerals and Vitamins in the Cure of Pain

References

Chapter 2 - Nutritional Modulators in Chemotherapy-Induced Neuropathic Pain

Introduction

Epidemiology

Signs and Symptoms

Treatment

Physiopathology of CIPN

Taxanes

Platinum Compounds

Vinca Alkaloids

Proteasome Inhibitors

Vitamins and CIPN

Vitamin E

Theoretical Background—Why it Should Work

Fundamental Studies

Clinical Studies

Conclusions

Vitamin A and Related Compounds

Theoretical Background—Why it Should Work

Fundamental Studies

Clinical Studies

Conclusions

B Vitamins

Theoretical Background—Why it Should Work

Fundamental Studies

Clinical Studies

Conclusions

Nutritional Supplements

Acetyl-l-Carnitine

Theoretical Background—Why it Should Work

Fundamental Studies

Clinical Studies

Conclusions

Omega-3 Fatty Acids

Theoretical Background—Why it Should Work

Fundamental Studies

Clinical Studies

Conclusions

Alpha-Lipoic Acid

Theoretical Background—Why it Should Work

Fundamental Studies

Clinical Studies

Conclusions

Glutathione

Theoretical Background—Why it Should Work

Fundamental Studies

Clinical Studies

Conclusions

Glutamate and Glutamine

Theoretical Background—Why it Should Work

Fundamental Studies

Clinical Studies

Conclusions

Minerals and Trace Elements

Ca and Mg Infusions

Theoretical Background—Why it Should Work

Fundamental Studies

Clinical Studies

Conclusions

Selenium

Theoretical Background—Why it Should Work

Fundamental Studies

Clinical Studies

Conclusions

Lithium

Theoretical Background—Why it Should Work

Fundamental Studies

Clinical Studies

Conclusions

Specific Types of Diets

Polyamine-Reduced Diet

Theoretical Background—Why it Should Work

Animal Studies

Clinical Trials

Conclusions

Fasting and Dietary Restriction

Theoretical Background—Why it Should Work

Fundamental Studies

Clinical Studies

Conclusions

Glossary

References

Chapter 3 - Migraine: Burden of Disease, Treatment, and Prevention

Introduction

Clinical Presentation of Migraine

Prevalence and Disease Burden

Pathophysiology of Migraines

Triggers of Migraines

Diet

Environment

Other

Migraine Therapy

Lifestyle Modifications

Acute Abortive Therapy

Migraine-Specific Therapy

Prophylactic Therapy

The Role of Onabotulinum Toxin a in Migraine Therapy

The Role of Supplements in Migraine Therapy

The Role of Behavioral Therapy in Migraine Therapy

The Role of Alternative Therapies in Migraine Therapy

The Role of Diet in Migraine Therapy

Conclusions

References

Chapter 4 - Myelinodegeneration and Its Influence on Pain: Aging, Diets, and Genetic Dysregulation

Introduction

Age-Related White Matter Changes in the Nervous System and Their Relationships with Decline of Various Functional Abilities...

Lifespan Trajectory of Myelin Integrity and Myelin Breakdown Model of AD and Neuropsychiatric Disorders

Age-Related Degenerative Changes in Myelin and Nerve Fibers in Monkey CNS

Lifespan Changes in Myelin Structures of Rat Nervous System

Grade-Based Classification of Myelinopathology

Diets as Risk Factors of Myelinopathy and Myelinodegeneration

Association of Myelinodegeneration with Pain

Genetic and Molecular Basis of Age-Related Myelinodegeneration

References

Section B - Herbs and extracts in pain management

Chapter 5 - Getting to the Root of Chronic Inflammation: Ginger’s Antiinflammatory Properties

Introduction

Arthritis

Diabetes mellitus

Dysmenorrhea

Cancer

Respiratory

Conclusions

References

Chapter 6 - Illegal Adulterations of (Traditional) Herbal Medicines and Dietary Supplements for the Treatment of Pain

Introduction

Counterfeiting and Confounding of Herbal Treatments

Chemical Adulterations of Herbal Treatments

Pharmacology of Most Encountered Chemical Adulterants for the Treatment of Pain

The Analgesics

The Narcotic Analgesics

Nonsteroidal Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)

Benzodiazepines

Analytical Challenges and Solutions

Conclusions

References

Chapter 7 - Diabetic Neuropathy Modulation by Zinc and/or Polyphenol Administration

Introduction

Rationale for the Research

Study Design and Participants

Laboratory Evaluation

Serum Glucose

Glycosylated Hemoglobin

Stimulus Detection Electrodiagnosis

Discussions

Conclusions

References

Chapter 8 - Natural Remedies for Treatment of Cancer Pain

Introduction

Treatment of Cancer Pain with Natural Remedies

Natural Opioids

Morphine

Codeine

Cannabis (Marijuana)

Tetrodotoxin

Role of Vitamins in Cancer Related Pain

Summary

References

Chapter 9 - Capsicum: A Natural Pain Modulator

Introduction

Types of Pain

Nociception and Nociceptors

Response of Nociceptors to Noxious Stimuli

Pain Modulation

Herbal Drugs in Pain Modulation

Genus Capsicum

Chemical Constituents in Capsicum

Capsicum and Traditional Uses

Capsaicin and Pain Modulation

The Overview of TRP Family

TRPV (Capsaicin) Receptors

Capsaicin Receptors and Pain

Capsicum and Pain Therapeutics

Acute and Chronic Pain

Neuropathic Pain

Musculoskeletal Pain

Osteoarthritic Pain

Cancer Pain

Gastric Pain

Pruritus

Marketed Formulations

Summary

LIST OF Abbreviations

References

Section C - Role of pain: Diet, food and nutrition in prevention and treatment

Chapter 10 - Honey—A Natural Remedy for Pain Relief

Introduction

Honey Types and its Components

Specific Properties of Honey

Medicinal Value of Honey

Antibacterial and Antiinflammatory Effects of Honey

Honey Wound Healing Property

Immunomodulation Effects of Honey

Antinociceptive Effects of Honey

Pain Relief in Postoperative Patients

Pain Relief in Radiation Induced Mucositis

Mechanisms of Pain Relief

Opioid Receptor Activation

Anti Inflammatory Mediators

Autonomic Receptor Activation

Central Pathway Mechanism

Conclusions

References

Chapter 11 - Probiotics and Synbiotics for Management of Infantile Colic

Infantile Colic

Gut–Brain Axis and Microbiota

Probiotic Definition

Probiotics for Reducing Colic and Pain

Conclusions

References

Section D - Obesity and macronutrients in pain

Chapter 12 - The Interrelationship of Obesity, Pain, and Diet/Nutrition

Overview of Obesity: Etiology and Dietary Behavior

Dietary Behavior

Obesity and Pain

Chronic Pain and Obesity

Altered Pain Thresholds and Obesity

Modulators of Pain in Obesity

Treatment and Prevention of Pain in Obesity

References

Chapter 13 - Effects of Obesity on Function and Quality of Life in Chronic Pain

Introduction

Effects of Obesity on Function and QoL in Chronic Pain Conditions

General Relationship Between Obesity and Pain, Quality of Life, and Disability

Obesity and Pain

Obesity, Functionality, and QoL

Effects of Obesity and Chronic Pain on Function and QoL

Fibromyalgia

Osteoarthritis

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Low Back Pain

Obesity and Macronutrients in Pain

Diet, Macronutrients, and Other Related Factors Influencing Obesity and Pain

Energy Intake

Fats: The Role of Omega-3 Fatty Acids

Proteins: Minimum Requirements and Particular Role of l-Tryptophan

Carbohydrates: Healthy Intake, Fiber Content, and Food Intolerances

Conclusions

References

Chapter 14 - Postoperative Analgesia in Morbid Obesity: An Overview of Multimodal Analgesia and Complimentary Therapies

Introduction

Burden of Morbid Obesity

Pain in the Obese Patient

Obesity and Hormonal Regulation of Acute Pain

Systemic Opioids in the morbidly Obese

Opioid Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics in the Morbidly Obese

Opioid Patient Controlled Analgesia

Multimodal Strategies in the Acute Postoperative Phase

Nonopioid Systemic Analgesics

Systemic Adjuvants

Regional Anesthesia and Analgesia

Thoracic Epidural Catheterization in the Obese

Complementary and Alternative Medicine Therapies

Diets

Low Carbohydrate Diet

Ketogenic Diet

Perioperative Considerations of Dietary Supplements

Melatonin

St. John’s Wort (Hypericum perforatum)

Gingko Biloba

Kava Kava

Omega 3 Fish Oil

Honokiol

The Future of Pain- Pharmacogenetic Testing

References

Section E - Nutrients in pain in prevention and treatment

Chapter 15 - Vitamin D Deficiency in Joint Pain: Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation

Introduction

Vitamin D Deficiency and Joint Pain

Prevalence of Joint Pain

Mechanisms Underlying Link Between Vitamin D and Joint Pain

Evidence of the Association Between Vitamin D and Joint Pain

Generalized Musculoskeletal Pain

Osteoarthritic Pain

Rheumatoid Arthritis Pain

Supplementation of Vitamin D for Joint Pain

Vitamin D Supplementation in Osteoarthritis

Vitamin D Supplementation in Rheumatoid Arthritis

Conclusions

Acknowledgment

References

Chapter 16 - Nutritional Modulators of Pain in the Aging Population

Background

Vitamin D Deficiency

Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids

Magnesium

Willow Bark

Probiotics

Glucosamine and Chondroitin

Turmeric

Devil’s Claw

Methylsulfonylmethane

Boswellia

Green Tea

Summary

References

Chapter 17 - Trace Elements Alleviate Pain in Mice and Humans

Introduction

Zinc

Theoretical Background

Fundamental Studies

Single Agent

Coadministration With Analgesics

Clinical Studies

Magnesium

Theoretical Background

Fundamental Studies

Clinical Studies

Manganese

Theoretical Background

Fundamental Studies

Clinical Studies

Selenium

Theoretical Background

Fundamental Studies

Clinical Studies

Copper

Theoretical Background

Fundamental Studies

Clinical Studies

Strontium

Introduction

Fundamental Studies

Clinical Studies

Other Essential and Nonessential Trace Elements

Conclusions

References

Chapter 18 - Vitamin B12 for Relieving Pain in Aphthous Ulcers

Introduction

Epidemiology of Aphthous Ulcer

Types of Mouth Ulcer

Cause of Canker Sores

Aphthous Ulcer Treatment

Vitamin B12 Treatment for Mouth Ulcer

Treatment for Pain in Apththous Ulcers

References

Chapter 19 - Vitamin K, Osteoarthritis, and Joint Pain

Vitamin K Sources

Vitamin K and Osteoarthritis: Underlying Mechanisms

Biomarkers of Vitamin K Status Used in Osteoarthritis Studies

Vitamin K and Osteoarthritis: Evidence From Human Studies

Conclusions and Future Directions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 20 - Conservative and Postoperative Coanalgesic Therapy for Upper Limb Tendinopathy Using Dietary Supplements

Introduction

Tendon Degeneration, Inflammation, and Pain

Rationale for the Use of Standard Antiinflammatory Drugs

Antiinflammatory and Analgesic Activity of Dietary Supplements

Clinical Applications of Dietary Supplements to Treat Tendinopathy and Reduce Pain After Tendon Repair Surgery

References

Chapter 21 - Folic Acid in Pain: An Epigenetic Link

Introduction

Vitamins

Folic Acid

Epigenetics

Folic Acid and DNA Methylation

Folic Acid and Rheumatoid Arthritis

Role of Folic Acid in Colorectal Adenomas

Role of Folic Acid in Myofascial Pain

List of Abbreviations

References

Section F - Animal models for pain: Food and plant extract

Chapter 22 - Analgesic and Neuroprotective Effects of B Vitamins

Analgesic Effects of B Vitamins on Acute Pain

Analgesic Effect of B Vitamins on Painful Diabetic Neuropathy

Analgesic Effect of B Vitamins on Neuropathic Pain After Peripheral Nerve Injury and Dorsal Root Ganglion Compression

Analgesic and Neuroprotective Effects of B Vitamins Following Temporary Spinal Cord Ischemia

Mechanisms Underlying Analgesic Effects of B Vitamins

Acknowledgment

References

Chapter 23 - Pain Relief in Chronic Pancreatitis—Role of Nutritional Antioxidants

Introduction

Free Radicals in Cellular Physiology and Pathophysiology

Endogenous Sources of Free Radicals

Exogenous Sources of Free Radicals

Free Radicals in Pancreatic Pathophysiology

Sources of Free Radicals in Pancreas

Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Pancreas

Pain in Chronic Pancreatitis

Antioxidant Defense in Cellular Physiology

Nutritional Antioxidants

Vitamin C

Vitamin E

Carotenoids and Vitamin A

Methionine

Selenium

Dietary Antioxidants as Modulators of Pain and Oxidative Stress

Way Forward

References

Chapter 24 - Vitamin D and Disc Herniation Associated Pain

Dedication

References

Chapter 25 - Review of Fortified Foods and Natural Medicinal Products in Companion Animals Afflicted by Naturally Occurring Oste...

Introduction

Clinical Trial Objective and Purposes

Design and Recruitment

Outcomes

Control and Tested Substances

Blinding and Randomization

Data Analysis

Critical Analysis

Positioning of Fortified Foods and Natural Medicinal Products

Concluding Remarks and Future Recommendations

Acknowledgments

References

Index

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