Front Cover

Paleopathology of Children

Dedication

Paleopathology of Children: Identification of Pathological Conditions in the Human Skeletal Remains of Non-Adults

Copyright

Contents

Acknowledgments

1 - Biology and Significance of the Nonadult Skeleton

INTRODUCTION

SKELETAL DEVELOPMENT AND OSSIFICATION

Intramembranous Ossification

Endochondral Ossification

Bone Formation and Remodeling

Pattern and Timing of Ossification

IMMUNE SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT

Immunity in the Newborn

Immunity in the Child

Immunity in the Adolescent

Exploring Immunodeficiency in Bioarchaeology

The Developmental Origins of Health and Disease Hypothesis

FACTORS IN PEDIATRIC PALEOPATHOLOGY

THEMES IN CHILD PALEOPATHOLOGY

Hidden Heterogeneity of Frailty and Selective Mortality

Measuring Specificity

A “Slew” of Possibles: Methodological Rigor, Transparency, and Objectivity

Differential Diagnosis

Comorbidity and Cooccurrence

REFERENCES

2 - Congenital Conditions I: Anomalies

INTRODUCTION

Terminology

Timing

CRANIUM

Premature Cranial Suture Closure

Scaphocephaly

Brachycephaly

Plagiocephaly

Trigonocephaly

Oxycephaly

Cloverleaf Deformity

Crouzon’s Syndrome (Craniofacial Dysotosis Type 1)

Microcephaly

Hydrocephaly

Congenital Deafness (Aural Stenosis and Aural Atresia)

SPINE

Congenital Lordosis, Kyphosis, and Scoliosis

Occipitalization (Atlantooccipital Fusion)

Lumbarization and Sacralization

Spondylolysis

Sagittal Clefting

Cleft Neural Arches

THORAX

Supernumerary Ribs

Bifid Ribs, Costal Fusion

EXTREMITIES

Talipes Equinovarus (Clubfoot)

Radioulnar Synostosis

Polydactyly and Syndactyly

NEURAL TUBE DEFECTS

Congenital Herniation (Dystrophism)

Anencephaly

Cleft Palate

Other Facial Clefts

Spina Bifida

REFERENCES

3 - Congenital Conditions II: Skeletal Dysplasias and Other Syndromes

INTRODUCTION

SKELETAL DYSPLASIAS

Achondroplasia

Acromesomelia

Mesomelia

Thanatophoric Dwarfism

Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip and Congenital Hip Dislocation

Metaphyseal Dysplasia (Pyle’s Disease)

Fibrous Dysplasia

CONGENITAL SYNDROMES

Binder Syndrome (Maxillonasal Dysplasia)

Klippel–Feil Syndrome

Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21) and Other Aneuploid Conditions

Osteogenesis Imperfecta

Osteopetrosis (Osteosclerosis Fragilis)

Cerebral Palsy

REFERENCES

4 - Dental Disease, Defects, and Variations in Dental Morphology

INTRODUCTION

Teething

Dental Caries

Deciduous Caries

Paleopathology

Recording and Reporting Caries in Children

Dental Calculus

Periapical Cavitation

Periodontal Disease (Periodontitis)

Antemortem Tooth Loss

DENTAL ANOMALIES

Hypodontia

Hyperdontia (Supernumerary Teeth)

Natal and Neonatal Teeth

Dental Fusion

Macrodontia and Microdontia

Talon Cusps

DENTAL TRAUMA

Dental Modification

DISRUPTION IN DENTAL DEVELOPMENT

Dental Enamel Hypoplasia

Turner’s and Skinner’s Teeth

REFERENCES

5 - Trauma and Treatment*

INTRODUCTION

PRINCIPLES OF PEDIATRIC TRAUMA

Greenstick Fractures

Plastic Deformation

Buckle Fractures

Physeal Fractures

Long Bone Fractures

COMPLICATIONS SPECIFIC TO CHILD TRAUMA

Premature Fusion

Fragment Overlap

Overgrowth

HEALING

IDENTIFYING POSTCRANIAL INJURIES

Callus

Cortical Striations

Angulation

Plastic Deformation of the Ulna

Plastic Deformation of the Radius

CRANIAL FRACTURES

Facial Fractures

SPINAL INJURIES

Tetanus

Spondylolysis and Spondylolisthesis

Clay-Shoveler’s Fractures

RIB FRACTURES

AGE-RELATED INJURIES

Birth Trauma

Erb’s and Klumph’s Palsy (Congenital Brachial Palsy)

Toddler’s Fractures

Juvenile Osteochondritis Dissecans

Slipped Femoral Epiphysis

OTHER FORMS OF TRAUMA

Dislocations

Dislocations of the Upper Limb

Dislocations of the Lower Limb

Myositis Ossificans Traumatica (Heterotrophic Ossification)

Burns

TREATMENT: AUTOPSIES AND SURGICAL INTERVENTION

Trepanation

THEMES IN THE STUDY OF CHILD TRAUMA

Violence Associated With Extreme Cultural Conflict

Culturally Sanctioned Ritual Violence

Caregiver-Induced Violence and Neglect

Activity-Induced Injuries

Structural Violence

REFERENCES

6 - Infectious Diseases I: Infections of Nonspecific Origin

INTRODUCTION

SUBPERIOSTEAL NEW BONE FORMATION

INFECTIVE OSTEITIS

OSTEOMYELITIS

Infantile Osteomyelitis

Brodie’s Abscess

Spinal Osteomyelitis

CHRONIC SINUSITIS

OTITIS MEDIA AND MASTOIDITIS

ENDOCRANIAL LESIONS

INFANTILE CORTICAL HYPEROSTOSIS

REFERENCES

7 - Infectious Diseases II: Infections of Specific Origin

SMALLPOX (OSTEOMYELITIS VARIOLOSA)

RUBELLA

POLIOMYELITIS

TUBERCULOSIS

Cranium

Mandible

Scapula

Spine

Ribs

Joints

Long Bones

Hands and Feet

Paleopathology

LEPROSY

Infantile Leprosy

Pathogenesis in Children

Nerve Damage

Skeletal Manifestations

Rhinomaxillary Syndrome

Dentition

Hands and Feet

Periostitis and Osteomyelitis

Paleopathology

TREPONEMAL DISEASES

Yaws

Endemic Syphilis (Bejel, Treponarid)

Congenital Syphilis

Early Onset Congenital Syphilis

Late Onset Congenital Syphilis

Dentition

Paleopathology

REFERENCES

8 - Hemopoietic and Metabolic Disorders

HEMOPOIETIC DISORDERS

Cribra Orbitalia, Porotic Hyperostosis, and the “Cribrous Syndrome”

Dietary Iron-Deficiency Anemia

Malaria

Other Parasitic Infections

Folate Deficiency

Vitamin B12 Deficiency

Lead Poisoning

Thalassemia

Sickle Cell Anemia

Leukemia

Hemophilia A and B

METABOLIC DISORDERS

Rickets and Osteomalacia (Vitamin D Deficiency)

Infantile Scurvy (Vitamin C Deficiency)

Comorbidity and Cooccurrence in Rickets and Scurvy

REFERENCES

9 - Neoplastic Disease, Tumors, and Tumor-Like Lesions

INTRODUCTION

Classification of Lesions and Terminology

Recognition of Tumors

BENIGN PRIMARY TUMORS

Osteoid Osteoma

Osteoblastoma (Codman’s Tumor)

Giant-Cell Tumor (Osteoclastoma)

Osteochondroma

Hereditary Multiple Osteochondromas

Chondromas and Ollier’s Disease

Chondroblastoma

Chondromyxoid Fibroma

Desmoid Fibroma (Desmoplastic Fibroma)

Fibrous Cortical Defects

Nonossifying Fibroma

Osteofibrous Dysplasia

BONE CYSTS

Unicameral (Solitary) Bone Cyst

Aneurismal Bone Cyst

LANGERHANS CELL HISTIOCYTOSIS

Eosinophilic Granuloma

Hand–Schüller–Christian Disease

Letterer–Siwe Disease

MALIGNANT PRIMARY TUMORS

Osteosarcoma (Osteogenic Sarcoma)

Ewing’s Sarcoma

Chordoma

NON-HODGKIN’S LYMPHOMA

REFERENCES

10 - Juvenile Arthropathies, Circulatory, and Endocrine Disorders

JUVENILE IDIOPATHIC ARTHRITIS

Systemic Arthritis

Seronegative Idiopathic Arthritis

Juvenile-Onset Adult-Type Rheumatoid Arthritis

Juvenile-Onset Ankylosing Spondylitis

Juvenile Psoriatic Arthritis

Hemophilic Arthritis

Schmorl’s Nodes

CIRCULATORY DISORDERS

Osteochondroses

Osgood-Schlatter Disease

Blount’s Disease (Tibia Vara)

Legg–Calvé–Perthes’ Disease

Scheuermann’s Disease (Juvenile kyphosis, Spinal Osteochondrosis)

ENDOCRINE DISTURBANCES

Hypopituitarism (Pituitary Dwarfism)

Hyperpituitarism (Pituitary Gigantism, Acromegaly)

Hypothyroidism (Myxedema)

Hyperthyroidism (Thyrotoxicosis)

Cushing’s Disease

Hypogonadism

Hypergonadism

Hypoparathyroidism

Hyperparathyroidism

REFERENCES

11 - Miscellaneous Conditions

INFANTILE CRANIAL LACUNAE

CRANIAL MODIFICATION

Anteroposterior Deformation

Circumferential or Circular Deformation

JUVENILE PAGET’S DISEASE (INFANTILE HEREDITARY HYPERPHOSPHASIA, HYPEROSTOSIS CORTICALIS DEFORMANS)

PHOSSY JAW

BLADDER STONE DISEASE

LEAD POISONING

TRANSVERSE LINES IN BONE

Harris Lines

Lead Lines

Bismuth Lines

Metaphyseal Bands of Leukemia

Scurvy Line

Healing and Healed Rickets

OSTEOPATHIA STRIATA

BONE LENGTH DISCREPANCY

Fluctuating and Directional Asymmetry

Pathological Asymmetry

Cerebral Palsy

Cerebrovascular Incident (Stroke)

Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Chicken Pox (Congenital Varicella)

Arthrogryposis Multiplex Congenita (Congenital Contractures)

Erb’s and Klumpke’s Palsy (Congenital Brachial Palsy)

Muscular Dystrophy

REFERENCES

Index

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

R

S

T

U

V

W

Back Cover