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Metal Oxides in Supercapacitors

Metal Oxides Series: Metal Oxides inSupercapacitors

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Contents

List of Contributors

Editors' Biography

Series Editor's Biography

Preface

Preface to the Series

1 - Capacitive and Pseudocapacitive Electrodes for Electrochemical Capacitors and Hybrid Devices

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Devices

1.2.1 Dielectric Capacitors

1.2.2 Electrochemical Capacitors

1.2.3 Secondary (Rechargeable) Batteries

1.2.4 Asymmetric or Hybrid Device

1.3 Electrodes for Electrochemical Capacitors and for Hybrid Capacitors

1.3.1 Capacitive Electrodes

1.3.2 Pseudocapacitive Electrodes

1.3.2.1 Intrinsic Pseudocapacitance

1.3.2.2 Extrinsic Pseudocapacitance

1.3.3 High-Power Battery Electrodes

1.3.4 Capacity Versus Capacitance

1.4 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

2 - Features of Design and Fabrication of Metal Oxide–Based Supercapacitors

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Fundamentals of Symmetric and Asymmetric Supercapacitors

2.2.1 Symmetric and Asymmetric Supercapacitors With Aqueous Electrolyte

2.2.2 Symmetric and Asymmetric Supercapacitors With Organic Electrolyte

2.3 Configuration Design of Metal Oxide–Based Supercapacitors

2.3.1 All-Solid-State Supercapacitors

2.3.2 Quasi-Solid-State Supercapacitors

2.3.3 Liquid Electrolyte–Based Supercapacitors

2.3.3.1 Organic Electrolytes

2.3.3.2 Aqueous Electrolytes

2.4 Conclusions and Outlook

Acknowledgment

References

3 - Electrolytes in Metal Oxide Supercapacitors

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Supercapacitors and Interaction With Electrolytes

3.3 Electrolytes for Metal Oxide Supercapacitors

3.3.1 Liquid Electrolytes

3.3.1.1 Aqueous Electrolytes

3.3.1.1.1 Alkaline Electrolytes

3.3.1.1.2 Acidic Electrolytes

3.3.1.1.3 Neutral Electrolytes

3.3.1.2 Nonaqueous Electrolytes

3.3.1.2.1 Organic Electrolytes

3.3.1.2.2 Ionic Liquids

3.3.2 Redox Additives

3.3.3 Solid and/or Gel State

3.4 Conclusions and Outlooks

Acknowledgments

References

4 - Fundamentals of Binary Metal Oxide–Based Supercapacitors

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Binary Metal Oxides in Supercapacitors

4.2.1 Ruthenium Oxide

4.2.2 Manganese Oxide

4.2.3 Nickel Oxide

4.2.4 Cobalt Oxide

4.2.5 Tin Oxide

4.2.6 Vanadium Oxide

4.2.7 Other Metal Oxides

References

5 - Structure and Basic Properties of Ternary Metal Oxides and Their Prospects for Application in Supercapacitors

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Several Types of Ternary Metal Oxides

5.2.1 AB2O4

5.2.2 ABO2/3/4

5.2.3 A3B2O8

5.3 Synthesis Routes

5.3.1 Hydrothermal/Solvothermal Method

5.3.2 Chemical Precipitation Method

5.3.3 Electrodeposition Method

5.3.4 Sol–Gel Method

5.3.5 Microwave Synthesis Method

5.3.6 Electrospinning Synthesis Method

5.3.7 Other Synthesis Methods

5.4 Nanostructures

5.4.1 Zero Dimension

5.4.2 One Dimension

5.4.3 Two Dimension

5.4.4 Three Dimension

5.5 Concluding Remarks

References

6 - Polyoxometalates: Molecular Metal Oxide Clusters for Supercapacitors

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Polyoxometalate Structure and Electrochemistry

6.3 Fabricating Polyoxometalate Composites for Supercapacitor Electrodes

6.3.1 Chemisorption on Carbon Substrates

6.3.2 Immobilization in a Conductive Polymer Matrix

6.3.3 Layer-by-Layer Assembly and Electrostatic Interactions

6.4 Application of Polyoxometalate Electrodes in Supercapacitor Devices

6.4.1 Single Polyoxometalate Chemistries for Faradaic Charge Storage

6.4.2 Polyoxometalate–Conductive Polymer Hybrid Supercapacitors

6.4.3 Multiple Polyoxometalate Chemistries: Toward Ideal Pseudocapacitance

6.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives

References

7 - Metal–Organic Framework (MOF)–Derived Metal Oxides for Supercapacitors

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Metal–Organic Framework–Derived Metal Oxides for Supercapacitors

7.2.1 Metal–Organic Framework–Derived Binary Metal Oxides

7.2.1.1 Co3O4

7.2.1.2 Fe3O4

7.2.1.3 CeO2

7.2.2 Metal–Organic Framework–Derived Ternary or Mixed Transition Metal Oxides

7.2.2.1 ZnCo2O4

7.2.2.2 MnCo2O4

7.2.2.3 NixCo3−xO4

7.2.3 Metal–Organic Framework–Derived Metal Oxide/Carbon Composite

7.3 Conclusion and Future Perspectives

References

8 - Metal Oxide–Carbon Hybrid Materials for Application in Supercapacitors

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Porous Carbon–Metal Oxide Hybrids

8.2.1 Mesoporous Carbon

8.2.2 Aerogel Carbon Nanoparticles

8.2.3 Macroporous Carbon

8.2.4 Mixed Porous (Micro, Meso, and Macro) Carbon

8.2.4.1 Activated Carbon

8.2.4.2 Other Mixed Ordered Porous Carbon

8.3 Carbon Nanofiber–Metal Oxide Nanocomposites

8.3.1 Carbon Nanofibers

8.3.2 Carbon Nanotubes

8.4 Graphene–Metal Oxide Nanocomposites

8.5 Conclusion and Future Directions

References

9 - Metal Oxide/Conducting Polymer Hybrids for Application in Supercapacitors

9.1 Introduction

9.1.1 The Components

9.1.2 The Combination

9.1.3 The Applications4

9.1.4 Binary Materials

9.1.4.1 Polyaniline

9.1.4.2 Poly[3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene]

9.1.4.3 Polypyrrole

9.1.5 Ternary Materials

9.1.5.1 Polyaniline

9.1.5.2 Poly[3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene]

9.1.5.3 Polypyrrole

9.2 Conclusions

References

10 - Enhanced Hybrid Supercapacitors Utilizing Nanostructured Metal Oxides

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Li4Ti5O12: Dimension-Controlled Nanosheet/Nanobook, Highly Dispersed on the Carbon Nanotube Surface

10.3 TiO2(B): Dimension Control and Hyperdispersion of Nano Metal Oxides Within a Nanocarbon Matrix

10.4 Li3VO4: Electrochemical Activation; Control of Crystal Structure of Nano Metal Oxides for Li+ Diffusion Enhancement via the ...

10.5 LiFePO4: Defective (Crystalline/Amorphous) Control of Nano Metal Oxides Within the Peculiar Core–Shell LiFePO4/Graphitic Ca ...

10.6 Li3V2(PO4)3: Nano Entanglement of Metal Oxides in Carbon Nanotube Matrix

10.7 Conclusions and Remarks

Acknowledgments

References

Index

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

W

X

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