Chapter
1.3.4 LONGITUDINAL AND SHEAR RHEOLOGIES
1.3.5 CHARACTERIZATION OF POROUS BODIES
2 - Fundamentals of Interface and Colloid Science
2.1 REAL AND MODEL SYSTEMS
2.2 PARTICULATES AND POROUS SYSTEMS
2.3 PARAMETERS OF THE MODEL DISPERSION MEDIUM
2.3.1 GRAVIMETRIC PARAMETERS
2.3.2 RHEOLOGICAL PARAMETERS
2.3.3 ACOUSTIC PARAMETERS
2.3.4 THERMODYNAMIC PARAMETERS
2.3.5 ELECTRODYNAMIC PARAMETERS
2.3.6 ELECTROACOUSTIC PARAMETERS
2.3.7 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
2.3.8 ELECTROCHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF AQUEOUS AND NONAQUEOUS SOLUTIONS
2.4 PARAMETERS OF THE MODEL DISPERSED PHASE
2.4.1 RIGID VERSUS SOFT PARTICLES
2.4.2 SOLID VERSUS FRACTAL AND POROUS PARTICLES
2.4.4 PARTICLE-SIZE DISTRIBUTION
2.5 PARAMETERS OF THE MODEL INTERFACIAL LAYER
2.5.2 SPHERICAL DL, ISOLATED, AND OVERLAPPED
2.5.3 ELECTRIC DOUBLE LAYER AT HIGH IONIC STRENGTH
2.5.4 POLARIZED STATE OF THE ELECTRIC DOUBLE LAYER
2.6 INTERACTIONS IN COLLOID AND INTERFACE SCIENCE
2.6.1 INTERACTIONS OF COLLOID PARTICLES IN EQUILIBRIUM, COLLOID STABILITY
2.6.2 BIOSPECIFIC INTERACTIONS
2.6.3 INTERACTION IN A HYDRODYNAMIC FIELD, CELL AND CORE-SHELL MODELS, RHEOLOGY
2.6.4 LINEAR INTERACTION IN AN ELECTRIC FIELD, ELECTROKINETICS AND DIELECTRIC SPECTROSCOPY
2.6.5 NONLINEAR INTERACTION IN THE ELECTRIC FIELD, NONLINEAR ELECTROPHORESIS, ELECTROCOAGULATION, AND ELECTRORHEOLOGY
2.7 TRADITIONAL PARTICLE SIZING
2.7.1 LIGHT SCATTERING—EXTINCTION=SCATTERING+ ABSORPTION
3 - Fundamentals of Acoustics in Homogeneous Liquids: Longitudinal Rheology
3.1 LONGITUDINAL WAVES AND THE WAVE EQUATION
3.3 PROPAGATION THROUGH PHASE BOUNDARIES—REFLECTION
3.4 LONGITUDINAL RHEOLOGY AND SHEAR RHEOLOGY
3.5 LONGITUDINAL RHEOLOGY OF NEWTONIAN LIQUIDS—BULK VISCOSITY
3.5.3 IN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
3.5.4 IN MOLECULAR THEORY OF LIQUIDS
3.6 ATTENUATION OF ULTRASOUND IN NEWTONIAN LIQUID—STOKES LAW
3.7 NEWTONIAN LIQUID TEST USING ATTENUATION FREQUENCY DEPENDENCE
3.8 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION INFLUENCE
4 - Acoustic Theory for Particulates
4.1 EXTINCTION = ABSORPTION + SCATTERING − SUPERPOSITION APPROACH
4.2 ACOUSTIC THEORY FOR DILUTE SYSTEMS
4.3 ULTRASOUND ABSORPTION IN CONCENTRATED DISPERSIONS
4.3.1 COUPLED PHASE MODEL
4.3.2 VISCOUS LOSS THEORY
4.3.3 THERMAL LOSS THEORY
4.3.4 STRUCTURAL LOSS THEORY
4.3.5 INTRINSIC LOSS THEORY
4.4 ULTRASOUND SCATTERING
4.4.5 SCATTERING BY A GROUP OF PARTICLES
4.4.6 SCATTERING COEFFICIENT
4.4.7 ULTRASOUND RESONANCE BY AIR BUBBLES
4.5 ULTRASOUND PROPAGATION IN POROUS MEDIA
4.7 ESTIMATES OF THE DENSE PARTICLE MOTION PARAMETERS
4.7.2 PARTICLE DISPLACEMENT
4.7.4 QUANTUM LIMIT FOR ACOUSTICS
5 - Electroacoustic Theory
5.1 THE THEORY OF ION VIBRATION POTENTIAL
5.2 THE LOW-FREQUENCY ELECTROACOUSTIC LIMIT: SMOLUCHOWSKI LIMIT
5.4 THE COLLOID VIBRATION CURRENT IN CONCENTRATED SYSTEMS
5.4.1 CVI AND SEDIMENTATION CURRENT
5.4.2 CVI FOR POLYDISPERSE SYSTEMS
5.4.3 SURFACE CONDUCTIVITY
5.4.4 MAXWELL–WAGNER RELAXATION: EXTENDED FREQUENCY RANGE
5.4.5 WATER-IN-OIL EMULSIONS, CONDUCTING PARTICLES
5.5 QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF COLLOID VIBRATION CURRENT
5.6 ELECTROACOUSTIC THEORY FOR CONCENTRATED COLLOIDS WITH OVERLAPPED DLS AT ARBITRARY κA—APPLICATION TO NANOCOLLOIDS AND NONAQU ...
5.6.2 HIGH-FREQUENCY MODEL FOR OVERLAPPED DLS
5.6.3 THEORETICAL PREDICTIONS OF BOTH MODELS
5.7 ELECTROACOUSTICS IN POROUS BODY
6 - Experimental Verification of the Acoustic and Electroacoustic Theories
6.5 ELECTROACOUSTIC PHENOMENA
6.5.1 ELECTROACOUSTIC STUDY OF DISPERSIONS CONTAINING TWO TYPES OF COLLOIDAL PARTICLES
6.6 VERIFICATION OF THE PARTICLE SIZING FOR NANOPARTICLES USING CERTIFIED REFERENCE MATERIAL
6.7 VERIFICATION OF THE PARTICLE SIZING AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURES
6.8 COMPARISON OF ACOUSTIC PARTICLE SIZING WITH ELECTRON MICROSCOPY FOR MICRON-SIZED PARTICLES
7 - Acoustic and Electroacoustic Measurement Techniques
7.1 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
7.2 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MEASUREMENT AND ANALYSIS
7.3 MEASUREMENT OF ATTENUATION AND SOUND SPEED USING INTERFEROMETRY
7.4 MEASUREMENT OF ATTENUATION AND SOUND SPEED USING THE TRANSMISSION TECHNIQUE
7.4.1 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE TRANSMISSION TECHNIQUE
7.4.2 DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DISPERSION TECHNOLOGY DT-100 ACOUSTIC SPECTROMETER
7.4.2.3 Measurement Procedure
7.5 PRECISION, ACCURACY, AND DYNAMIC RANGE FOR TRANSMISSION MEASUREMENTS
7.6 ANALYSIS OF ATTENUATION AND SOUND SPEED TO YIELD DESIRED OUTPUTS
7.6.1 THE ILL-DEFINED PROBLEM
7.6.2 PRECISION, ACCURACY, AND RESOLUTION OF THE ANALYSIS
7.7 MEASUREMENT OF ELECTROACOUSTIC PROPERTIES
7.7.1 ELECTROACOUSTIC MEASUREMENT OF CVI
7.7.2 CVI MEASUREMENT USING ENERGY LOSS APPROACH
7.8 ζ-POTENTIAL CALCULATION FROM THE ANALYSIS OF CVI
7.9 MEASUREMENT OF ACOUSTIC IMPEDANCE
8 - Applications for Dispersions
8.1 CHARACTERIZATION OF AGGREGATION AND FLOCCULATION
8.2 PRINCIPLES OF PARTICLE SIZING IN MIXED COLLOIDS WITH SEVERAL DISPERSED PHASES
8.3 MIXTURES WITH HIGH DENSITY CONTRAST: CERAMICS, OXIDES, MINERALS, AND PIGMENTS
8.4 COMPOSITION OF MIXTURES WITH HIGH DENSITY CONTRAST
8.5 COSMETICS–MIXTURES OF SOLIDS IN EMULSIONS
8.7 PARTICLES WITH POLYELECTROLYTE COATINGS
8.8 GRAPHENE OXIDE STABILITY IN VARIETY OF SOLVENTS
8.9 CLAYS, PARTICLE SIZING, AND ζ-POTENTIAL
9 - Applications for Nanodispersions
9.1 REFERENCE NANOMATERIAL FOR THE PARTICLE SIZING AND ζ-POTENTIAL IN DILUTE AND CONCENTRATED SYSTEMS: COLLOIDAL SILICA LUDOX
9.2 LARGE PARTICLE CONTENT RESOLUTION USING ACOUSTICS
9.3 MONITORING PRESENCE OF LARGE PARTICLE USING ELECTROACOUSTICS
9.4 MONITORING NANOPARTICLES CONTENT IN SYSTEMS WITH A BROAD POLYDISPERSE SIZE DISTRIBUTION
9.5 STABILIZING IRON NANOPARTICLES USING GELS
9.6 ζ-POTENTIAL FOR CHARACTERIZING SURFACE MODIFICATION (COVERAGE) OF NANOPARTICLES
9.7 LIMITATION OF ULTRASOUND-BASED METHOD FOR CHARACTERIZING NANODISPERSIONS
10 - Applications for Emulsions and Other Soft Particles
10.1 PARTICLE SIZING OF EMULSIONS AND MICROEMULSIONS
10.2 MONITORING EMULSION STABILITY
10.3 WATER-IN-OIL EMULSION EVOLUTION CONTROLLED BY ION EXCHANGE
10.4.1 SKIM MILK CHARACTERIZATION
10.4.2 SOL–GEL TRANSITION DURING MILK GELATION
10.5 BIOLOGICAL CELLS: BLOOD
10.6 SOFT PARTICLES: LATEX
10.7 MICELLAR SYSTEMS PARTICLE SIZING AND RHEOLOGY
10.8 CMC, POLYMERS, GELATION
10.9 ζ-POTENTIAL MEASUREMENTS OF SOFT PARTICLES
11.2 SURFACTANT TITRATION
11.3 SALT TITRATION: HIGH IONIC STRENGTH
11.3.1 DOUBLE LAYER AT HIGH IONIC STRENGTH
11.3.2 TITRATION OF HEMATITE IN VARIOUS HIGH CONCENTRATION ELECTROLYTES
11.3.3 ELECTROACOUSTIC BACKGROUND
11.4 CEMENT SURFACTANT TITRATION
11.5 TIME TITRATION AND KINETICS OF THE SURFACE-BULK EQUILIBRATION
11.6 IMPORTANCE OF MIXING, AGITATION DURING TITRATION
12 - Applications for Ions and Molecules
12.1 IONIC SOLVATION NUMBERS IN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS
12.2 CHARACTERIZATION OF IONS IN NONAQUEOUS MEDIA
12.3 PROTEINS ELECTRIC CHARGES
12.3.3 IONIC STRENGTH TITRATION WITH KCL
13 - Applications for Porous Bodies
13.1 STREAMING CURRENT AND STREAMING POTENTIAL
13.3 DEPOSITS OF SOLID PARTICLES
13.4 DEPOSITS OF CONTROLLED PORE GLASS SAMPLES
13.6 ζ-POTENTIAL OF MEMBRANES
13.6.1 RESULTS OF THEORY FOR THIN ISOLATED DOUBLE LAYERS
13.6.2 RESULTS OF THEORY FOR THICK OVERLAPPED DOUBLE LAYERS
13.6.3 LATERAL HETEROGENEITY OF MEMBRANE
13.6.5 PH TITRATIONS IN DIFFERENT KCL SOLUTIONS
13.6.6 COPPER SULFATE TITRATION
13.7 POROSITY MEASUREMENT USING HIGH-FREQUENCY CONDUCTIVITY PROBE
14 - Peculiar Applications of Acoustics and Electroacoustics for Characterizing Complex Liquids
14.1 ACOUSTIC PARTICLE SIZING IN GELS AND NON-NEWTONIAN LIQUIDS—HETEROGENEOUS CONCEPT, MICROVISCOSITY
14.2 CHARACTERIZATION OF POLYMER SOLUTIONS USING LONGITUDINAL AND SHEAR RHEOLOGY—HOMOGENEOUS CONCEPT, MACROVISCOSITY
14.3 ELECTROACOUSTICS OF PARTICLES IN GELS
14.3.1 PARTICLE SIZE LESS THAN GEL MESH SIZE
14.3.2 PARTICLE SIZE GREATER THAN GEL MESH SIZE (GEL-TRAPPED PARTICLES)
14.3.3 EFFECT OF DEGREE OF TRAPPING
14.4 MONITORING OF FAST DISSOLUTION
14.5 EFFECT OF AIR BUBBLES: AIR CONTENT IN TOOTHPASTE
14.6 WETTABILITY STUDY WITH ζ-POTENTIAL MEASUREMENT
14.6.1 LIMESTONE–WATER MIXTURE
14.6.2 LIMESTONE–WATER MIXTURE WITH INHIBITORS
14.7 MAGNETIC FLUIDS CHARACTERIZATION
14.8 ACOUSTIC SPECTROSCOPY FOR EVALUATING ROD-LIKE PARTICLES
Characterization of Liquids, Dispersions, Emulsions, and Porous Materials Using Ultrasound
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