Chapter
Sources of additional information
Chapter 2: Design and fabrication methods for biocomposites
2.2 Production techniques for biocomposite parts
2.3 Conventional composite processing techniques
2.3.1 Extrusion and injection for thermoplastic materials
2.4 Solution-based techniques
2.6 Influence of the processing parameters on the material characteristics of biocomposites
2.7 Designing with biocomposites for tissue engineering applications
Chapter 3: Hard tissue applications of biocomposites
3.2 Head and neck applications
3.2.1 Maxillofacial applications
3.2.3 Dental applications
3.3 Axial skeleton applications
3.3.1 Internal applications
3.3.2 External applications
3.4 Advantages in the use of composites for hard tissue applications
3.5 Disadvantages in the use of composites for hard tissue applications
Chapter 4: Soft tissue application of biocomposites
4.1 The multiphase composition of natural tissues: Inspiration from living soft tissue composites
4.1.1 Soft tissues as structural composites
4.1.2 Soft tissues as composite hydrogels
4.1.3 Soft tissues as multifunctional composites
4.1.4 Biophysical cues of soft tissue composites
4.2 Engineered biocomposites for soft tissue application
4.2.1 Biomimetic and bioinspired structural biocomposites
4.2.2 Biocomposites to control molecular diffusion
4.2.2.1 Biocomposites to guide tissue regeneration
4.2.2.2 Biocomposites for cancer treatment
4.2.3 Multifunctional biocomposites
4.2.3.1 Electroactive soft biocomposites
4.2.3.2 Magnetic soft biocomposites
4.2.3.3 Micro and nanopatterned soft biocomposites
4.2.4 Composites to monitor biological signals
4.3 Conclusions: Engineered composites for soft tissues
Chapter 5: Composite materials for bone repair
5.2 Component selection and general design considerations
5.3 Fabrication of particulate composites
5.4 Fabrication of nanocomposites
5.6 Mechanisms for enhancing mechanical properties
5.7 Conclusions and future trends
Chapter 6: Composite coatings for implants and tissue engineering scaffolds
6.2 Types of composite coatings
6.2.2 Biocompatible coatings
6.2.3 AntiBacterial coatings
6.3 Synthesis of composite coatings
6.3.1 Chemical deposition
6.3.2 Electrophoretic deposition
6.3.3 Electrochemical deposition (anodising, electroplating)
6.3.4 Biomimetic deposition
6.3.5 Other deposition methods
6.4 Smart composite coatings
Chapter 7: Composite materials for spinal implants
7.2 Structure and function of the spine
7.3 Materials and design of spinal implants: the state of the art
7.4 Composite materials: basic concepts
7.5 Polymer-based composite materials for spinal implants
7.5.1 Composite interbody fusion devices
7.5.2 Composite IVD prostheses
7.6 Conclusions and future trends
Chapter 8: Collagen/chitosan composite scaffolds for bone and cartilage tissue engineering
8.1.1.1 Bone function and structure
8.1.1.3 Current bone treatment options
8.1.2.1 Cartilage function and structure
8.1.2.2 Cartilage lesions
8.1.2.3 Current cartilage treatment options
8.1.3.1 Biomaterials for tissue engineering
Collagen as a biomaterial for tissue engineering
Biocompatibility and degradation
8.1.3.2 Bone tissue engineering
Collagen-based scaffolds for bone tissue engineering
Commercially available collagen-based scaffolds for bone tissue engineering
Chitosan scaffolds for bone repair
Collagen/chitosan scaffolds as in vitro osteoid models
8.1.3.3 Cartilage tissue engineering
Collagen-based scaffolds for cartilage tissue engineering
Commercially available collagen-based scaffolds for cartilage tissue engineering
Chitosan scaffolds for cartilage repair
Collagen/chitosan composite scaffolds for cartilage tissue engineering
8.2 Conclusions and future perspectives
Chapter 9: Acrylic bone cements for joint replacement
9.2 A brief history of bone cement
9.3 Biomechanical properties of bone cement
9.3.8 Cement application and the impact of the implant
9.4 Contemporary use: the role of bone cement in arthroplasty
9.4.1 Total Hip arthroplasty
9.4.2 Total knee arthroplasty
9.4.3 Total shoulder and total ankle arthroplasty
9.4.4 The role of bone cement in infection
9.4.5 Factors affecting antibiotic elution
9.4.6 Methods of mixing antibiotic-impregnated cement
9.5 Complications associated with bone cement
9.5.2 Bone cement implantation syndrome
Chapter 10: Composite materials for ligaments and tendons replacement
10.2 Ligaments and tendons: Tissue biology and anatomy
10.3 State of the art on proposed devices for ligaments and tendons replacement
10.4 Fibre-reinforced composite materials: Fundamentals and technology
10.4.1 Principles of soft composite design
10.5 Composite materials for tissue replacement and tissue-engineered scaffolds
10.6 Conclusion and prospective about composite materials for ligaments and tendons replacement and regeneration
Chapter 11: Composite materials for hip joint prostheses
11.2 Properties of the hip joint
11.3 Materials for hip arthroplasty
11.3.1 Composite bone cements
11.3.2 Materials for acetabular cups
11.3.2.1 Hydroxyapatite-reinforced polymers for acetabular cups
11.3.3 Materials for hip stem
11.4 Polymer-based composite hip
11.4.2 Polymer-based composite femoral stem
Chapter 12: 3D printing of biocomposites for osteochondral tissue engineering
12.2 Osteochondral tissue
12.3 Scaffold requirements
12.3.4 Scaffold architecture and mechanical properties
12.3.6 Clinical translation
12.4.2 Synthetic polymers
12.4.3 Inorganic materials
12.4.4 Biological materials
12.5 3D printing techniques
12.5.2 Extrusion-based printing
12.5.4 Vat-photopolymerisation process
12.5.5 Melt electrospinning writing
Chapter 13: The challenge of biocompatibility evaluation of biocomposites
13.3 Do we need biocompatibility evaluation?
13.3.1 Data collection from scientific literature
13.3.2 Data collection from materials suppliers/industries
13.3.3 Data collection from analytical analyses
13.3.4 Data collection from clinical analyses
13.4 Selection of biocompatibility analyses/biological test methods
13.4.0.1 Cytotoxicity or cell viability
13.4.3 Acute systemic toxicity and subchronic tests
13.4.5 Implantation and hemocompatibility
13.5 Biocomposites-based biocompatibility studies
13.6 Biocompatibility and the implantation of a biocomposite in a biological environment
13.7 Concluding remarks and future perspectives
Chapter 14: Cellular response to biocomposites
14.1.1 Biocomposites: two different meanings with a common feature
14.1.2 Cellular response to biomaterials: on both sides of the mirror
14.2 Cellular response to biocomposites with an emphasis on the role of physical factors
14.3 Biocomposite as cellular niche
14.3.1 Tissues and cellular niches are biocomposites
14.3.2 Examples of cellular niche (including stem cell niche) in nature
14.3.3 Biocomposites that mimic cellular niches
14.4 Effects of biocomposites on the biological outcome
14.4.1 Molecular mechanism: integrin-mediated signalling
14.4.2 Examples of biocomposites-stimulated cellular processes
14.5 Problems faced by researchers in cell-biocomposite investigations
14.5.1 Difficulties in obtaining a consistent set of data, arising from the diversity of the tested systems
14.5.2 Structural heterogeneity of the composites: a challenge for cellular response interpretation
14.6 Conclusion and future trends
Chapter 15: Testing the in vivo biocompatibility of biocomposites
15.2 The preclinical in vivo experimentation: ethical and legal requirements
15.3 The ISO 10993 and the biocompatibility tests
15.4 Extraction and sample preparation
15.5 Irritation and sensitisation test
15.7 Genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, reproductive, and development toxicity
15.9 Tests for local effects after implantation
15.10 Biocompatibility evaluation in pathological conditions
Chapter 16: The mechanics of biocomposites
16.2 Design of composite materials
16.3 Short fibre composites
16.4 Particulate composites
16.4.1 Biochar-based particulate composite
16.4.2 Mechanics of particulate composites
16.4.3 Theories for predicting the mechanical properties of particulate composites
16.4.3.1 Theories for elastic modulus of composite
16.4.3.2 Theories for strength of composite
16.4.3.3 Hardness and modulus prediction using nanoindentation
16.5 Cellulose nanocomposites
16.5.1 Sources of nanocellulose
16.5.2 Mechanical properties of nanocellulose films and fibres
16.5.3 Mechanical properties of nanocellulose composites
Chapter 17: Tribology of advanced composites/biocomposites materials
17.2 Fibre reinforced polymeric biocomposites
17.2.1 Reinforcement compatibility with polymers
17.2.2 Tribology of fibre reinforced polymer composites
17.3 Tribological biomaterials and applications
17.3.1 Polyetheretherketone biomaterials/biocomposites
17.3.2 Tribology of particulate filled PEEK composites
17.3.3 Wear characterisation and analyses of carbon fibre reinforced PEEK composites
17.4 Methodology to evaluate biocomposites for tribological analyses
17.4.1 Methodology for erosive wear studies
17.4.1.1 Erosiveness of CF-PEEK composites materials
Erosion of CF-PEEK composites as a function of elevated temperature
17.4.2 Raman spectroscopic analysis of CF-PEEK composites during wearing process
17.4.2.1 Raman studies on erosion of CF-PEEK composites
17.4.3 SEM analysis for erosion of CF-PEEK composites
Chapter 18: Fatigue behaviour of biocomposites
18.2 Fundamentals of fatigue failure in polymer composites
18.3 Fatigue behaviour of biocomposites for hard tissue applications
18.3.1 Bone repair and replacement
18.3.2 Dental applications
18.4 Fatigue behaviour of biocomposites for soft tissue applications
18.4.1 Tendons and ligaments
Chapter 19: Computational modelling of the intervertebral disc: A case-study for biomedical composites
19.1 The importance of the intervertebral disc in the human spine
19.1.2 IVD-related diseases
19.2 State-of-the-art of intervertebral disc computational modelling
19.2.1 Brief literature review
19.2.2 Numerical modelling
19.2.2.1 IVD biomechanics
19.2.2.3 Multiphasic behaviour
19.3.3 Numerical simulation
19.4.3 Numerical simulation
Chapter 20: Nanostructured biocomposites for tissue engineering scaffolds
20.2 Processing of 2D topographies for assembly of 3D (biocomposite) structures
20.2.2 Electron beam lithography (EBL)
20.3 Direct fabrication of surface nanotopographies in 3D structures
20.4 Bionanocomposites: nanoparticles, nanotubes, and nanofibres
20.4.1 The nanocomposite approach
20.4.3 Nanofibres and nanofibrous scaffolds by electrospinning
20.4.4 Phase separation and particle leaching
20.5 Sol–gel, direct growth and biomimetic approaches
20.5.2 Direct growth methods
20.5.3 Biomimetic processes
20.6 Bottom-up approaches
20.7 Conclusions and future research directions
Chapter 21: Developing biocomposites as scaffolds in regenerative medicine
21.1 Introduction: Requirements for bone regeneration
21.2 Hybrid scaffolds mimicking bone tissue: A bio-inspired approach
21.3 Multilayered hybrid constructs as scaffold for regeneration of multifunctional tissues
21.4 Biomorphic transformation: A nature-inspired approach towards a new generation of scaffolds for limb regenerati ...
21.5 Future trends toward smart biocomposites: Bio-inspired scaffolds with magnetic activation
21.6 New injectable biocomposites for bone regeneration
21.7 Conclusions and future perspectives
Chapter 22: Developing targeted biocomposites in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine
22.2 Cell/material interactions
22.3 Physical aspects of materials in tissue engineering
22.3.1 Mechanical properties
22.3.2 Surface topography
22.4 Chemical aspects of materials in tissue engineering
22.4.1 Material degradation
22.4.3 Release of biomolecules
22.5 Specific processes in regenerative medicine
22.5.1 Inflammatory and immunological responses
22.5.2 Mechanotransduction
Biomedical Composites
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