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The Indian Nitrogen Assessment

Related titles

The Indian Nitrogen Assessment: Sources of Reactive Nitrogen, Environmental and Climate Effects, Management Options, and Policies

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Contents

List of Contributors

Preface

Foreword

1 - Technical Summary

References

A - Nitrogen in India in a Global Perspective

2 - The Indian Nitrogen Challenge in a Global Perspective

The Global Nitrogen Challenge

Nitrogen in Relation to Other Nutrient Cycles

Emerging Priorities for the Indian Nitrogen Challenge

The Economic Case for Improving NUE

Societal Challenge of a Rapidly Growing Economy

Science and Technological Needs

Conclusion: India as an Emerging “Nitrogen Champion”

Acknowledgments

References

3 - Concepts for Considerations in the Design of an Indian Integrated Nitrogen Assessment

Introduction

Overview of the Development of an Integrated Science Assessment

Evaluation of Reactive Nitrogen Assessments in the USA and Europe

Conclusion

References

4 - Trends in Fertilizer Nitrogen Production and Consumption in India

Introduction

Fertilizer Nitrogen Production

History and Growth of Nitrogenous Fertilizer Industry

Nitrogen Production Trends

Improvement in Fertilizer Production Efficiency

Fertilizer Nitrogen Consumption

Skewed Product Pattern

Zone-Wise/State-Wise Fertilizer Nitrogen Use

Nitrogen Use by Crops

Farm Size-Wise Nitrogen Use

Irrigation Availability

Impact of Fertilizer Policies

Demand Supply Projections of Fertilizer Nutrients by 2030–31

Demand for Fertilizer Nitrogen

Supply of Fertilizer Nitrogen

Conclusion

References

B - Nitrogen Processes in the Biosphere

5 - Nitrogen Processes in Agroecosystems of India

Introduction

Nitrogen Inputs

Fertilizers

Manures and Crop Residues

Biological Nitrogen Fixation

Other Sources of Nitrogen

Nitrogen Cycling

Ammonium Fixation

Ammonia Volatilization

Nitrification

Immobilization–Mineralization

Denitrification

N Transformations Under Submerged Agroecosystem

Leaching

Plant N Uptake

Nitrogen Outputs

Conclusion

Future Research Needs

References

6 - Nitrogen Balances of Intensively Cultivated Rice–Wheat Cropping Systems in Original Green Revolution States of India

Introduction

Pre-green Revolution Scenario

Green Revolution in India

Growth of Production Factors in Original Green Revolution States

Fluxes of Reactive Nitrogen

Nitrogen Inputs in Original Green Revolution States

Losses of Nitrogen

Gaseous Losses of Nitrogen

Nitrate Leaching

GroundWater Pollution

Nitrogen Balances

Future Scenario

References

7 - Efficient Nitrogen Management Under Predominant Cropping Systems of India

Introduction

Soil N: Transformation and Fertility Status

Nitrogen Application and Its Removal Under Different Cropping Systems

Nitrogen Use Efficiency Computations

Management Practices—to Enhance NUE

Balanced Fertilization

Integrated Plant Nutrient Supply

Bulky Organic Manures in IPNS

Green Manures in IPNS

Inclusion of Legumes

Crop Residues in IPNS

Biofertilizers in IPNS

Precision N Management for Enhancing NUE

Right Source

Right Rate and Time

Right Method

Decision Support Tools for Enhancing NUE

Efficient N Management Under Conservation Agriculture

Other Important Agronomic Practices for Enhancing NUE

Conclusion

References

8 - Nitrogen Inputs From Biological Nitrogen Fixation in Indian Agriculture

Introduction

Global N and BNF—Historical Trends

Agrosystem and Nr

BNF-Nr

World Agriculture and BNF-Nr

Indian Agriculture and BNF-Nr

Food Crops

Sugarcane

Fodder Crops

Agroforestry

Indian Scenario for Global BNF

Conclusion and Way Forward

References

9 - Nitrogen Management Paradigm in Horticulture Systems in India

Introduction

Biogeochemical Processes in Horti-Ecosystems

Toward an Ecosystem-Based Approach to Improving N Use Efficiency

Using Plant Diversity to Restore Ecosystem Functions

Restoration of Ecosystem Function Through Plant–Microbial Interactions

Microbially Mediated Processes

Conclusion

Future Projections

References

10 - Management and Use Efficiency of Fertilizer Nitrogen in Production of Cereals in India—Issues and Strategies

Introduction

Time Trends in Input, Output, and Balance of Nitrogen in Cropping Systems and Nitrogen Use Efficiency in India

Nitrogen Use Efficiency and Fertilizer Nitrogen Management in Cereals

Blanket Fertilizer Nitrogen Management Recommendations

Evolution in the Understanding of Researchers Regarding Better Management of Fertilizer Nitrogen in Cereals

Site-Specific Fertilizer Nitrogen Management in Cereals

Conclusion

References

11 - Plant Nitrogen Use Efficiency

Introduction

Uptake and Assimilation of Nitrate

Contribution of Different Plant Parts

Contribution of Upper Three Leaf Blades

Pattern of Nitrate Assimilation

Potential Nitrate Reductase Activity

Variation in Nitrate Reductase Activity Among Genotypes

Biochemical Basis of Differential NR Activity in Cultivars

Physiological Basis of Split Application/Slow-Release N Fertilizers

Conclusion

References

12 - Nitrogen Nutrition in Crops and Its Importance in Crop Quality

Introduction

Metabolic Aspects of N Uptake, Assimilation and Crop Quality

Nitrogen and Crop Quality

Cereals

Oil Seeds

Fodder Crops

Horticultural Crops

Strategies to Improve Crop Quality With Efficient Use of N

Conclusion and Future Outlook

References

13 - Nitrogen Dynamics in Grasslands

Introduction

Status of Indian Grasslands

Grassland Nitrogen: Transformations of N

Grassland Nitrogen: Uptake of N

Grassland Nitrogen: Forage Composition, Yield and Quality

Forage Composition

Forage Yield and Quality

Grassland Nitrogen: Consumption and Utilization in Ruminant Animals

Grassland Nitrogen: Animal Health and Production

Ammonia-Induced Bloat

Nitrate Toxicity

Poor Animal Performance

Grassland Nitrogen: Balances of N in Tropical Grasslands

Grassland Nitrogen: Environmental Impacts

Grassland Nitrogen: Future Research

References

14 - Reactive Nitrogen in Agroforestry Systems of India

Agroforestry and Nitrogen Cycling

Reactive Nitrogen Addition in Agroforestry System

Through Trees

Through Crops and Other External Inputs

Prospects of Nitrogen Focused Research in Agroforestry

References

15 - Nitrogen and Soil Quality

Introduction

Effects of N Use on Soil Quality

Long-Term Effect of Balanced Fertilization and Integrated Nutrient Management on Soil Quality

Long-Term Effect of Balanced Fertilization and Integrated Nutrient Management on Soil Quality and Crop Productivity

How to Use N for Improving Soil Health

Do We Overuse N?

Conclusion

References

16 - Reactive Nitrogen in Environment vis-à-vis Livestock Production System: Possible Remedies

Introduction

Nitrogen Cycle and Reactive Nitrogen

Livestock Production Systems and Nitrogen Transactions

N Emissions From Indian Livestock Sector

Manure Management

Implications of Other Nitrogenous Compounds

Mitigation Options

Productivity Enhancement

Feed Related Interventions

Other Interventions

Conclusion

References

17 - Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Poultry Husbandry—Indian Perspective

Introduction

Total Feed and Protein Requirements for Poultry

Partitioning of Intake Protein into Meat, Eggs, Offal, and Excreta

Dietary Sources of Proteins

Improving Nitrogen Utilization in Poultry

Crude-Protein Concept

Ideal Amino Acid Concept

Digestible Amino Acid Concept

Use of Proteases in Diet

Dietary Crude Protein Content and Nitrogen Excretion

Phase Feeding and N Excretion

Ammonia Emission in Poultry House

Nitrogen Elimination and Pollution Problems

Poultry Litter and Dropping as Fertilizer

Recycling of Poultry Slaughter House Wastes

References

18 - Assessment of Nitrogen in Freshwater Aquaculture in India

Introduction

Nitrogen in Pond Environment

Sources of N

Transformation of N in Freshwater Ponds

Nitrogen Cycle

Availability Under Different Culture Situations

Critical Levels of N

Addition of Nitrogen Through External Sources

Magnitudes of Nitrogen Loss

N Budget

Options for Better Nitrogen Management in the Culture Systems

Way Forward

References

19 - Nitrogen Assessment and Management in Brackish-Water Aquaculture of India

Introduction

Brackish-Water Aquaculture and Culture Systems

Source Waters (Creek/Sea Water)

N Flows in Coastal Water Ecosystems

N Flows in Brackish-Water Aquaculture Ponds

Role of N in Brackish-Water Ecosystems

Role as a Nutrient

N as Nutrient Through Manures and Fertilizers

N as Nutrient Through Feed

N as Toxicant

N Role in Eutrophication

Nitrogen Transformation/Dynamics and Budgeting

N Forms, Sources and Emissions in Brackish-Water Aquaculture Ponds

Factors Affecting the Mineralization of Organic N in Brackish-Water Fish/Shrimp Pond Soils

Role of Manuring, Fertilization, and Feeding on N Dynamics

N Budgeting

Nitrogen Management

Better Management Practices to Maintain Nitrogen Metabolites Levels

Characteristics of Brackish-Water Aquafarms Discharge Water with Reference to Nitrogen

Research Needs/Gaps

Conclusion

References

20 - Reactive Nitrogen in Coastal and Marine Waters of India and Its Relationship With Marine Aquaculture

Introduction

Nitrogen Dynamics in Coastal and Marine Environment

Export of Reactive Nitrogen Toward the Sea

Nitrogen Dynamics in the Regional Seas

Productivity of the Regional Seas in Terms of Nitrogen Availability

Eutrophication in Coastal/Marine Scenario

Nitrogen in Coastal/Marine Habitats and Food Webs

Nitrogen in Coastal Aquaculture/Mariculture

Atmospheric Nitrogen Contribution and Sea to Air Exchanges in the Indian Seas

Conclusion

Specific Research Needs/Gaps From the Works Reviewed

Policy Issues

References

C - Nitrogen Flows (Air, Soil, Water)

21 - Assessment of Nitrate Threat to Water Quality in India

Introduction

Nitrogen Enrichment in Indian Waters

Groundwaters

Rivers

River Deltas

Nitrates in Agro-Ecosystems

Nitrate and Climate Change

Conclusion

References

22 - Reactive Nitrogen Dynamics in the Mangroves of India

Mangrove and Its Distribution in India

Reactive Nitrogen Species and Its Transformation Processes

Significance of Nitrogen in Mangrove Ecosystem

Dissolved Nitrogen Dynamics in Mangrove Water

Sources and Sinks

Status of Dissolved Nitrogen in Indian Mangroves and Its Control

Reactive Nitrogen in the Mangrove Sediments

Processes and Factors Governing Nitrogen Dynamics in Mangrove Sediments

Use of Stable Isotopes of Nitrogen to Study Sources and Behavior of Organic Matter in Mangroves

Nitrogen Dynamics in Mangrove Atmosphere

Release of Greenhouse Gases (N2O) and Processes Controlling Them

Net N2O Fluxes From Mangroves of India

Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

23 - Nitrogen Assessment in Indian Coastal Systems

Introduction

Nitrogen Transformation Processes in the Coastal Systems

Ammonification

Nitrification

Denitrification

Role of Coastal Flora and Fauna in Nitrogen Cycling

Anthropogenic Interferences in N Transformation

Sources of Nitrogen to the Coastal Systems

Atmospheric Sources

Geogenic Sources

Nitrogen From Rivers, Estuaries, Groundwater, and Coastal Upwelling

N Fixation

Effects of Land Use on N2O and NO Emissions

Impacts of Changes in N Balance

Eutrophication

Hypoxia

Physical and Biogeochemical Processes in Estuaries

Summary and Way Forward

References

D - Environmental and Climate Impacts

24 - Reactive Nitrogen and Its Impacts on Climate Change: an Indian Synthesis

Introduction

Nitrogen Use in Indian Agriculture

Climate Change and Indian Agriculture

Role of Nitrogen in Climate Change

Emission of Gaseous-N

Nitrous Oxide Emission

Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) Emission

Ammonia (NH3) Emission

Global Temperature Potential of N2O Emission

Net Climate Change Impact of Reactive Nitrogen Use in Indian Agriculture

Nitrogen Management for Mitigation

Nitrogen Management for Climate Change Adaptation

Conclusion

References

25 - Reactive Nitrogen and Air Quality in India

Introduction

Emission Inventory of Reactive Nitrogen

Sources of Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) in India

Decadal Trends in Emission of NOx

Sources of Emission of NH3

Distribution of Reactive Nitrogen Species

NOx Measurement over India: Modeling and Measurements

Pan India–MAPAN Monitoring

NOx Measurements in Microenvironment over Mega Cities: SAFAR Project

Monitoring of NH3 in India

Future Nitrogen Challenges in India

Summary

References

26 - Assessment of Atmospheric Emissions and Depositions of Major Nr Species in Indian Region

Introduction

Trends of Reactive Nitrogen

Emission of Reactive Nitrogen

N2O Emissions

NOx Emissions

NH3 Emissions

Atmospheric Deposition of Reactive Nitrogen

Wet Deposition of Nr

Wet Deposition Fluxes at Sites of Different Characteristics

Increase of Nr in Urban Areas During Past Decades

Nr Deposition in Rural Areas

NH3/NH4 Ratios

Dry Deposition of Nr

Nr Deposition Through Dust Fall at Delhi

Dry Deposition of NH4 and NO3 Aerosols

Total Emission Versus Total Deposition

Gap Areas

Conclusion

Recommendations

Acknowledgment

References

E - Managing Nitrogen in Relation to Key Societal Effects

27 - Dietary Patterns and Implications for Reactive N Flows in India

Introduction

An Overview of the Indian Food System

Nitrogen in Food Production in India

The Changing Diets and Food System of India and Implications for Reactive Nitrogen Flows

Greenhouse Gas Emission and Food Consumption

Conclusion

References

28 - Pathophysiology of Nitrate Toxicity in Humans in View of the Changing Trends of the Global Nitrogen Cycle With Special ...

Introduction

Epidemiology

Sources of Reactive-N

Metabolism of Ingested Nitrate in Human Body at Cellular Level

Excretion

Acute Toxic Effects

Chronic Toxic Effect

Indian Scenario on Health Effects of Reactive-N

Treatment

Prevention

Policy Issues and Recommendation

Conclusion

References

29 - Assessment of Reactive Nitrogen Emissions From Indian Transport Sector

Introduction

Energy Demand in Transport Sector

Fuel Consumption

Road Transportation

Rail Transportation

Aviation

Marine Navigation

Energy Consumptions in Transport Sector and Reactive Nitrogen Emissions

NOx Emission Assessment From Transport Sector

Contribution of Different Types of Vehicles to NOx Emissions

Reactive Nitrogen Emissions From Transport Sector in Delhi

Future Challenges

References

30 - Emissions of Reactive Nitrogen From Energy and Industry Sectors in India

Introduction

Energy Sector

Nitrous Oxide (N2O)

Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx)

Industrial Sector

Nitric Acid

Adipic Acid

Conclusions

References

F - Nitrogen Policies and Future Challenges

31 - Issues and Policies for Reactive Nitrogen Management in the Indian Region

Introduction

Drivers of Reactive Nitrogen in India

Synthetic N-Fertilizer-Consumption

Domestic Sewage and Municipal Solid Waste

Commercial and Residential Sector

Electricity Generation

Nitric Acid Production

Road Transport

Crop Residues

Policy Options for Scientific Nitrogen Management and Potential Emission Reduction

Agriculture Soils

Wastewater

Road Transport

Energy Sector

Crop Residue Burning

Conclusion

References

Further Reading

Index

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

W

Y

Z

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