Chapter
Brief Overview of the Book
Chapter 2: The Epidemiology of Cannabis Use in the United States*
Epidemiology of Cannabis Use and Use Disorders Among Youth
Trends in Cannabis, Tobacco, and Alcohol Use Among Youth
Trends in Risk Perceptions of Smoking Cannabis and Perceived Cannabis Availability Among Youth
Trends in Cannabis Use Disorders and Perceived Risk of Smoking Cannabis Among Youth Cannabis Users
Trends in and Associations of Cannabis Use Among Youth Tobacco and Alcohol Users
Other Correlates of Cannabis Use and Use Disorders Among Youth
Implications of Trends and Correlates of Cannabis Use Among Youth
Epidemiology of Cannabis Use and Use Disorders Among Adults
Trends in Cannabis Use, Use Disorders, and Use Frequency Among Adults and Adult Users
Associations Between Trends in Cannabis Use, Use Disorders, Use Frequency, and Perceived Risk of Smoking Cannabis Among Adu ...
Other Correlates of Cannabis Use and Use Disorders Among Adults
Implications of Trends and Correlates of Cannabis Use and Use Disorders Among Adults
Chapter 3: Cannabinoids and the Brain: The Effects of Endogenous and Exogenous Cannabinoids on Brain Systems and Function
The Biology of the Endocannabinoid System
Mechanisms of Endocannabinoid Transmission
Neuroplastic Changes Induced by Cannabinoids
Depolarization-Induced Sustained Inhibition or Excitation
Long-Term Potentiation or Depression
Endocannabinoids and Psychosis
Mechanisms of Psychosis and the Effects of Cannabinoids
Dopamine, Cannabinoids, and Schizophrenia
Endocannabinoids, Psychosis, and Perception and Understanding of Self
Shared Biomarkers of Schizophrenia and Cannabinoid Activity
Prefrontal Cortex Anomalies
Interindividual Vulnerability to Cannabis-Induced Psychosis
Psychosis and Cannabis: Intersection in the Hippocampus
A Working Model of Cannabis-Induced Psychosis Based on Declarative Memory Dysfunction
Effects of Cannabis on the Hippocampus and the Relationship to Schizophrenia
Summarizing a Working Model
Cannabinoids and Psychosis: Neuropsychological Constructs
Cannabis, Mood and Affect, and Psychosis
Endocannabinoids, Cannabis, Reward Processing, and Psychosis
Cannabis, Psychosis, and Salience
Cannabis, Psychosis, Attention, and Cognition
Effects of Cannabis Use on Motivation—A Possible Dimension of Psychosis
The Endocannabinoid System's Role in Development and the Disruptive Effects of Exogenous Cannabinoids on Neurogenesis
Cannabinoids, Psychosis, and the Genome
Effects of Cannabinoids on Embryonic Development Related to Psychosis
Effects of Cannabinoids on Childhood Development
Effects of Cannabinoids on Adolescent Development and Disruptions Related to Psychosis
Chapter 4: Psychotomimetic and Cognitive Effects of Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol in Laboratory Settings
Designing and Interpreting HLS of Cannabinoids
Properties of Cannabinoid Formulations Used in Laboratory Studies
Intravenous Administration
Some Considerations on Study Design
Effects of Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol in Human Laboratory Studies
Effects in Healthy Individuals
Effects in Individuals With Schizophrenia
Effects in Cannabis Users
Factors Modulating the Psychotomimetic and Cognitive Effects of Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol in HLS
Interactions With Other Drugs
Psychophysiological Markers of Psychotomimetic and Cognitive Effects of Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol in Human Laboratory Stu ...
Neural Oscillations: Steady-State Response
Chapter 5: Psychotomimetic and Cognitive Effects of Cannabis Use in the General Population
Psychotic-Like Symptoms and Experiences in Cannabis Users in the General Population
Psychotomimetic Experiences
Psychotic-Like Symptoms and Experiences Assessed in Epidemiological Studies
Overall Evidence for Associations, Potential Confounders, and Interactions
Vulnerabilities and Potential Mechanisms
Effects of Proportional Exposure to THC Versus CBD
Cognitive Effects of Cannabis Use on Users in the General Population
Chapter 6: The Association Between Cannabis Use and Schizotypy
Characteristics of Schizotypy
Commonly Used Measures of Schizotypy
Significant Associations Between Schizotypy and Cannabis Use
Broadening the Schizotypy-Cannabis Association
Directions for Future Study
Chapter 7: Effects of Cannabis Use in Those at Ultra-High Risk for Psychosis
Overview of the Concept of Ultra-High Risk for Psychosis
Does Cannabis Use Increase Risk of Transition to Psychosis in Those Identified as Ultra-High Risk for Psychosis?
Age at First Cannabis Use and Risk of Transition
Lifetime Cannabis Use and Risk of Transition: Caveats in Interpretation of Findings to Date
Does Cannabis Use Increase the Likelihood of Being at Ultra-High Risk for Psychosis?
Possible Confounders in the Relationship Between Cannabis Use and Risk of Transition
Future Directions for Research
Improving the Identification of Ultra-High Risk Individuals Who Are at Greatest Risk of Transition
Including a Broader Array of Relevant Risk Factors
Developing Interventions for Cannabis Misuse in the Ultra-High Risk Group
Cannabinoids as a Potential Intervention in Those at Ultra-High Risk
Chapter 8: Cannabis-Induced Psychotic Disorders
Nosology and Classification
Psychopathological Features of Cannabis-Induced Psychotic Disorder and Possible Differences With Schizophrenia and Other Pr ...
Epidemiology and Conversion of Cannabis-Induced Psychotic Disorder to Primary Psychotic Disorders
Conclusions and Future Directions
Chapter 9: Synthetic Cannabinoids and Synthetic Cannabinoid-Induced Psychotic Disorders
Synthetic Cannabinoid Use
Composition and Pharmacology
Acute Effects, Lethality, Tolerance, and Withdrawal
Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol and Psychosis
Synthetic Cannabinoids and Psychosis
Treatment of Synthetic Cannabinoid-Induced Psychosis
Chapter 10: Cannabis Use as an Independent Risk Factor for, or Component Cause of, Schizophrenia and Related Psychotic Disorders
Evidence for Direct Causality
Association Between Cannabis Use and Schizophrenia
Cannabis Use Precedes the Development of Schizophrenia
The Influence of Confounder Variables That Cause Both Cannabis Use and Schizophrenia Can Be Ruled Out
A Dose-Response Relationship Between Extent of Cannabis Use and Rate of Developing Schizophrenia Can Be Found
Evidence for Reverse Causation: Do Early Manifestations of Psychotic Disorders Cause Cannabis Use? (The Self-Medication Hyp ...
Evidence for Shared Etiology: Common Underlying Factors or Confounding Mechanisms
Evidence for Gene-by-Cannabis Interactions
Catechol-O-Methyltransferase
Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor
Plausible Biological Mechanisms Supporting Causation
Chapter 11: Cannabis Use as a Determinant of Earlier Age at Onset of Schizophrenia and Related Psychotic Disorders
Cannabis Use in Schizophrenia
What is Considered the Onset of Psychosis?
Why is Age at Onset of Schizophrenia Important?
Cannabis Use is a Predictor of Earlier Age at Onset of Psychosis
What is the Temporal Relationship Between Cannabis Use and Age at Onset?
Cannabis Use Usually Precedes Onset of Psychosis
Cannabis Use Sometimes Precedes the Onset of Prodromal Symptoms
Is the Relationship Between Cannabis Use and Earlier Onset of Psychosis Different for Nonaffective Versus Affective Psychot ...
Is There a Dose-Response Relationship Between Cannabis Use and Age at Onset?
Is Cannabis Use Associated With an Earlier Age at Onset of Prodromal Symptoms?
Is Cannabis Use Associated With a Shorter Prodrome?
Is the Relationship Between Cannabis Use and Age at Onset Moderated by Sex, Other Substance Use, Genetic Factors, or Any Ot ...
Gene-by-Environment Interactions
Catechol-O-Methyltransferase
Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor
Challenges in Documenting Age at Onset of Illness and Premorbid Cannabis Use
What is the Direction of the Association Between Cannabis Use and Age at Onset of Psychosis?
Chapter 12: The Prevalence and Effects of Cannabis Use Among Individuals With Schizophrenia and Related Psychotic Disorders
Prevalence of Cannabis Use in Individuals With Schizophrenia and Related Psychotic Disorders
Determinants of and Motivations for Cannabis Use
Clinical Effects of Cannabis Use in the Context of Schizophrenia and Related Psychotic Disorders
Positive and Negative Symptoms
Treatment Adherence and Relapses
Studies on the Clinical Effects of Cannabis Use Cessation
Psychosocial Effects of Cannabis Use in Persons With Schizophrenia and Related Psychotic Disorders
Interpersonal Consequences
Conclusions and Research Needs
Chapter 13: The Treatment of Cannabis Use Disorder Among Individuals With a Psychotic Disorder
Psychological Interventions
Combination of Antipsychotic Medication and Psychological Interventions
Dopamine Antagonists/Antipsychotic Medications
Long-Acting Injectable Antipsychotics
Anxiolytics and Antidepressants
Chapter 14: Cannabidiol as a Potential Novel Therapeutic Agent for Psychotic Disorders
Psychosis, Cannabis, and Endocannabinoids
Animal Models of Schizophrenia
Genetic and Neurodevelopmental Models
Epidemiological Studies in Cannabis Users
Studies in Healthy Volunteers
Studies Among Individuals With Schizophrenia
Regulation of Medical Marijuana and Cannabis-Derived Medicines
Conclusions and Needed Research
The Complex Connection between Cannabis and Schizophrenia
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