Chapter
1.1.3 Hydraulic-Filled Dumps
1.1.4 Technogenic Sediments
1.2 Peculiarities of Environmental Impact of Mine Dumps
1.2.1 Determination of the Nature of Environmental Pollution
1.2.2 Characteristics of Risks Caused by Stored Wastes
1.2.3 Migration of Polluting Substances From Mine Dumps
1.3 Impact of Mine Dumps on Soils
1.4 Integrated Ecological and Economic Evaluation of the Environmental Impact of Mine Dumps
1.4.1 Impact of Mine Dumps on Human Health
1.4.2 Impact of Mine Dumps on Visual Landscapes
1.4.3 Ecological and Economic Risk Assessment of Environmental Impact of Mine Dumps
Chapter 2 A Multianalytical Approach for the Assessment of Toxic Element Distribution in Soils From Mine and Quarry Areas
2.2 Soils From Mine and Quarry Areas
2.3.1 Destructive Techniques
2.3.1.1 Origin Determination by MC-ICP-MS
2.3.2 Nondestructive Techniques for Determination of Total Content
2.3.2.1 XRF Technique and Rapid Screening Using Portable X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry
2.4.1 Selective Chemical Extractions
2.4.2 Methods of Extraction of the Operationally Defined Available Content
2.4.2.1 Weak Neutral Salt Solutions
2.4.2.2 Organic Acid Extractions
2.5 Distribution of Toxic Elements in Soils
2.5.1 Sequential Chemical Extractions
2.5.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy With X-Ray Microanalysis
2.5.3 Time of Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry
2.6 Efficacy of Combined Use of SEM/EDS, TOF-SIMS, Selective/Sequential Extraction and Chemometrics
Chapter 3 Hazard Assessment of Soils and Spoils From the Portuguese Iberian Pyrite Belt Mining Areas and Their Potential Re...
3.1 Portuguese Sector of the Iberian Pyrite Belt
3.2 Chemical Characterization of Soils and Tailings From the PIPB Mining Areas
3.3 Quality Evaluation of the Soils From the PIPB
3.4 Potential Reclamation of Soils and Spoils From the IPB: Techniques and Other Approaches
Chapter 4 Mine Waste: Assessment of Environmental Contamination and Restoration
4.2 Mine Waste: A Global Problem
4.2.1 Mine Waste and Landscape Modification
4.2.2 Mine Waste and Human Health
4.3 Mine Waste: Present and Future Chances
4.4 Processes Occurring at the Mine Sites
4.4.1 Weathering of Mine Spoils
4.4.2 Processes Occurring Within Iron Sulfide Ores
4.4.3 Processes Occurring in Mixed Sulfide Ores
4.4.4 The Role of Microorganisms in the Transformation of Metal Sulfides
4.5 Soil Remediation of Mining-Affected Soils and Risk Assessment
4.5.1.1 Phytoremediation at Mining Sites
Assisted Phytoremediation
4.5.1.2 Current Status and Perspectives in Phytoremediation
4.5.3 Phytotoxicity Symptoms/Tolerance
4.6.1.1 Mine Waste Composition
4.6.1.4 Rock-Rose (Cistus salvifolius)
Chapter 5 Environmental Risk Assessment of Tailings Ponds Using Geophysical and Geochemical Techniques
5.2 Mining District of Mazarrón: Past Activities and Current Situation
5.3 Geophysical and Geochemical Methodology
5.3.1 Geophysical Methodology
5.3.2 Geochemical Methodology
5.4 Geophysical Analysis of Tailings Ponds Morphology
5.5 Geochemical Characterization of Tailings Ponds
5.6 Environmental Risk Assessment of Tailings Ponds
Chapter 6 Tailings Impoundments of Polish Copper Mining Industry—Environmental Effects, Risk Assessment and Reclamation
6.2 Tailings Impoundments in the Old and New Copper Mining Basins
6.2.4 Żelazny Most Impoundment
6.3 The Impact of Tailings Impoundments on the Environment
6.3.1 Geotechnical Stability of Tailings Impoundments
6.3.1.1 The Lesson Taught by a Dam Failure in Iwiny, 1967
6.3.1.2 Geotechnical Stability of Closed and Operating Impoundments
6.3.2 The Effects of Wind Erosion on Surrounding Soils and Crops
6.3.3 Water Seepage From the Żelazny Most Impoundment and From Technological Pipelines
6.3.3.1 The Impact on the Foreland
6.3.3.2 The Impacts on Surface Waters
6.4 Reclamation of Tailings Impoundments—The Main Legal Aspects
6.5 Biological Reclamation of Impoundments
6.5.1 Legal Requirements and Prerequisites
6.5.2 Revegetation of Tailings Impoundment in the Light of Bibliography
6.5.3 Specific Problems of Polish Copper Tailings Impoundments
6.5.4 Phytostabilization of Closed Impoundments—The Effects and Failures
6.5.4.1 Lena 1 Impoundment
6.5.4.2 Iwiny 1 Impoundment
6.5.4.3 Gilów Impoundment
6.5.5 Promising Results of Recent Experiments on the Iwiny 3 Impoundment
6.5.6 Żelazny Most Impoundment—Ongoing Phytostabilization of Embankments
Chapter 7 Assessment and Reclamation of Soils From Uranium Mining Areas: Case Studies From Portugal
7.1.1 History of Uranium and Radium Mining in Portugal
7.1.2 Uranium Minerals in the Portuguese Mines
7.1.3 Uranium and Radium in Soils
7.2 Uranium and Radium in Wastes, Water and Soils From Portuguese Mine Areas
7.3 Processes of Waste and Soil Reclamation: Case Studies From Portugal
7.3.1 Remediation of Mine Wastes and Waters
7.3.2 Remediation of Contaminated Soils
7.4 Soil-Plant Interactions
Chapter 8 Reclamation by Containment: Polyethylene-Based Solidification
8.2 Selection of a Suitable Reclamation by Containment Method and Polymer Processing Conditions
8.3 Aggressive Media Impact on Polymeric Materials Sintered in Conjunction With Soil
8.4 Subfreezing Temperature Effects on Polymeric Materials Sintered in Conjunction With Soil
8.5 Changes in the Polymer Mechanical Properties After the Introduction of Modifying Additives
Chapter 9 Geochemical Barriers for Soil Protection in Mining Areas
9.1.1 Reasons for Geochemical Barrier Application in Mining Industries
9.1.2 General Notion of Geochemical Barriers
9.2 Materials and Methods
9.2.1 Types of Geochemical Barriers
9.2.2 Classes and Subclasses of Geochemical Barriers
9.2.3 Theoretical Implementation of Geochemical Barriers
9.2.4 Quantitative Characteristics of Barrier Efficiency
9.3 Results and Discussion
Chapter 10 Natural Restoration of Mining Influenced Soils in the Northwestern Caucasus, Russia
10.2 Materials and Methods
10.3 Results and Discussion
10.3.1 General Geomorphological Characteristics
10.3.2 Particle-Size Distribution in Dumps of the Perevalnoe Mine
10.3.3 Particle-Size Distribution in Dumps of the Sakhalinskoe Mine
10.3.4 Vegetation Cover of Mining Sites
10.3.5 Geochemical Characteristic of Mining Areas
10.3.6 Natural Relief Forms of Mining Areas
10.3.7 Artificial Relief Characteristic of Mining Areas
10.3.8 Biogeochemical Patterns of Plant Communities
10.3.9 Factors Influencing Geochemical Differences of Soils at Two Mining Sites
Chapter 11 Proposals for the Remediation of Soils Affected by Mining Activities in Southeast Spain
11.1.1 Critical Abandoned Mining Areas
11.1.3 Conceptual framework of CAMAs
11.3 Supergene Alteration
11.4 Natural Mobility and Potential Mobilization
11.4.2 Particulated Phase
11.4.4 Crust and Efflorescences
11.5 Potential Mobilization
11.6.1 PTE Soil-Plant Transfer
11.6.2 Plant-Animal As Transfer
11.7 Strategies for Recovery of the Zone
Chapter 12 Reclamation of Sites Impacted by Mining Activities: Stabilization/Solidification of 232Th-Contaminated Soils
12.2 TENORM-Contaminated Sites
12.2.1 Long-Lived γ-Ray Emitting Radionuclides
12.2.2 232Thorium as Soil Contaminant
12.2.3 Remedial Alternatives for TENORM- and 232Th-Contaminated Soils
12.3 Stabilization/Solidification Theoretical Background
12.3.1 Cement-Based Stabilization and Solidification Processes
12.3.2 Gamma (γ) Radiation Shielding Phenomena: High-Density Materials and Photon Interaction With Matter
12.4 Testing Procedures and Γ-Radiation Shielding Performances of S/S Final Products
12.4.1 Conventional Testing Protocol: Chemical and Physical Tests
12.4.2 Assessment of γ-Radiation Shielding Performances as γRS Index
12.5 Site-Specific S/S Technologies and Applications
12.5.1 In Situ Technologies
12.5.2 Ex Situ Technologies
12.6 Stabilization/Solidification of 232Th-Contaminated Soils: Applicability, Limits and Costs
12.6.1 Effects of Contamination Level and Binder/Material Mix on S/S Performances
12.6.2 Effects of Contamination and Binder/Material Levels on S/S Product γ-Ray Shielding
12.7 Potential Directions for Future Research
Chapter 13 Ecoefficient In Situ Technologies for the Remediation of Sites Affected by Old Mining Activities: The Case of Po...
13.2 Origin of the Contamination of Portman Bay: Study Zone
13.2.1 Evolution of Recovery Proposals
13.3 Materials Characterization
13.3.1 Characterization of Depth Materials
13.3.2 Characterization of Surface Materials
13.3.3 Processes in the Surface of the Bay
13.4 Risk Assessment for Human Health and Ecosystems
13.4.1 Hazard Identification in Portman Bay
13.4.2 Analysis of the Exposure
13.4.3 Relevant Risks Identified for the Preoperational Situation
13.5 Risk Management and Technological Proposals
13.6 Decision Making in Risk Management
Chapter 14 Organic Mulching to Improve Mining Soil Restoration
14.3 Organic Materials for Mulching
14.4 Soil Properties Affected by Mulching
14.5 Mulching in Mining Restoration
Chapter 15 Heavy Metals Contamination of Mine Soil, Their Risk Assessment, and Bioremediation*
15.2 Heavy Metals Contamination in Mine Soil
15.3 Human Risk Assessment Around Some Abandoned Metal Mine Sites
15.3.1 Materials and Methods
15.3.2 Risk Assessment Process
15.3.2.1 Exposure Assessment
15.3.2.2 Dose-Response Assessment
15.3.2.3 Risk Characterization
15.3.3 Results and Discussion
15.4.1 Case History 1: Biosorption of Heavy Metals in Soils (Kim et al., 2008)
15.4.2 Case History 2: Bioleaching of As in Contaminated Soils Using Indigenous Metal-Reducing Bacteria (Lee et al., 201 ...
15.4.3 Case History 3: Microbial In Situ Stabilization of Arsenic by Sulfate Reduction and Sulfide Precipitation (Lee et ...
15.4.3.1 Batch Experiment
15.4.3.2 Column Experiment
15.4.3.3 Field Experiment
Chapter 16 Hazardous Element Accumulation in Soils and Native Plants in Areas Affected by Mining Activities in South America
16.1.1 Historical Overview
16.1.1.1 Relationship Between Plants and Ore Minerals: From Antiquity Until the 19th Century
16.1.1.2 20th Century: Metallophytes Used in Mineral Exploration
16.1.1.3 Use of Metallophytes in Phytoremediation on Contaminated Soils
16.1.2 Aim of This Chapter
16.2.1 Geographic Situation
16.2.2 Site Characterization
16.2.3 Sample Characterization
16.3 Heavy Metals and Metalloids in Soils and Plants Around Andean Mines
16.3.1 San Bartolomé Mine (Ecuador)
16.3.2 Turmalina Mine (Peru)
16.3.3 Carolina Mine (Peru)
16.3.4 El Teniente Mine (Chile)
Chapter 17 Mine Water Discharges in Upper Silesian Coal Basin (Poland)
17.2 Geology of Upper Silesian Coal Basin
17.3 Hydrogeology of USCB
17.4 History and Present-Day Mining in USCB
17.5 Dewatering Schemes Operating in Active and Abandoned Mines
17.6 Mine Water Impact on Soil, Surface Water and Groundwater Bodies
17.6.2 Storage of Mine Waste
17.6.3 Mine Water Discharges
17.7 Regulations and Requirements in Polish Environmental Law in Relation to Mine Water Discharges
17.8 Management of Saline Mine Water Discharges
Assessment, Restoration and Reclamation of Mining Influenced Soils
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