Assessment, Restoration and Reclamation of Mining Influenced Soils

Author: Bech   Jaume;Bini   Claudio;Pashkevich   Mariya A  

Publisher: Elsevier Science‎

Publication year: 2017

E-ISBN: 9780128097298

P-ISBN(Paperback): 9780128095881

Subject: S154.1 soil ecology

Keyword: 环境科学、安全科学,毒物学(毒理学)

Language: ENG

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Description

Assessment, Restoration and Reclamation of Mining Influenced Soils covers processes operating in the environment as a result of mining activity, including the whole spectra of negative effects of anthropopressure and the environment, from changes in soil chemistry, changes in soil physical properties, geomechanical disturbances, and mine water discharges.

Mining activity and its waste are an environmental concern. Knowledge of the fate of potentially harmful elements and their effect on plants and the food chain, and ultimately on human health, is still being understood. Therefore, there is a need for better knowledge on the origin, distribution, and management of mine waste on a global level.

This book provides information on hazard assessment and remediation of the disturbed environment, including stabilization of contaminated soils and phytoremediation, and will help scientists and public authorities formulate answers to the daily challenges related to the restoration of contaminated land.

  • Provides a thorough overview of the processes operating on mining-devastated areas, as well as origin, distribution, and deactivation of harmful elements
  • Includes outcomes and recommendations of the Global Mining Initiative that are widely regarded as the code of conduct in the minerals industry
  • Contains global case studies that elucidate various aspects of assessment and restoration of mine-contaminated land

Chapter

1.1.2 Piled Dumps

1.1.3 Hydraulic-Filled Dumps

1.1.4 Technogenic Sediments

1.2 Peculiarities of Environmental Impact of Mine Dumps

1.2.1 Determination of the Nature of Environmental Pollution

1.2.2 Characteristics of Risks Caused by Stored Wastes

1.2.3 Migration of Polluting Substances From Mine Dumps

1.3 Impact of Mine Dumps on Soils

1.4 Integrated Ecological and Economic Evaluation of the Environmental Impact of Mine Dumps

1.4.1 Impact of Mine Dumps on Human Health

1.4.2 Impact of Mine Dumps on Visual Landscapes

1.4.3 Ecological and Economic Risk Assessment of Environmental Impact of Mine Dumps

1.5 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 2 A Multianalytical Approach for the Assessment of Toxic Element Distribution in Soils From Mine and Quarry Areas

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Soils From Mine and Quarry Areas

2.3 Total Metal Content

2.3.1 Destructive Techniques

2.3.1.1 Origin Determination by MC-ICP-MS

2.3.2 Nondestructive Techniques for Determination of Total Content

2.3.2.1 XRF Technique and Rapid Screening Using Portable X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry

2.4 Available Content

2.4.1 Selective Chemical Extractions

2.4.2 Methods of Extraction of the Operationally Defined Available Content

2.4.2.1 Weak Neutral Salt Solutions

2.4.2.2 Organic Acid Extractions

2.4.2.3 Chelating Agents

2.5 Distribution of Toxic Elements in Soils

2.5.1 Sequential Chemical Extractions

2.5.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy With X-Ray Microanalysis

2.5.3 Time of Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry

2.6 Efficacy of Combined Use of SEM/EDS, TOF-SIMS, Selective/Sequential Extraction and Chemometrics

2.7 Concluding Remarks

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 3 Hazard Assessment of Soils and Spoils From the Portuguese Iberian Pyrite Belt Mining Areas and Their Potential Re...

3.1 Portuguese Sector of the Iberian Pyrite Belt

3.2 Chemical Characterization of Soils and Tailings From the PIPB Mining Areas

3.3 Quality Evaluation of the Soils From the PIPB

3.4 Potential Reclamation of Soils and Spoils From the IPB: Techniques and Other Approaches

3.5 Final Remarks

Acknowledgments

References

Further Reading

Chapter 4 Mine Waste: Assessment of Environmental Contamination and Restoration

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Mine Waste: A Global Problem

4.2.1 Mine Waste and Landscape Modification

4.2.2 Mine Waste and Human Health

4.3 Mine Waste: Present and Future Chances

4.4 Processes Occurring at the Mine Sites

4.4.1 Weathering of Mine Spoils

4.4.2 Processes Occurring Within Iron Sulfide Ores

4.4.3 Processes Occurring in Mixed Sulfide Ores

4.4.4 The Role of Microorganisms in the Transformation of Metal Sulfides

4.5 Soil Remediation of Mining-Affected Soils and Risk Assessment

4.5.1 Soil Remediation

4.5.1.1 Phytoremediation at Mining Sites

Phytostabilization

Phytoextraction

Assisted Phytoremediation

Phytomining

Multiple Uses

4.5.1.2 Current Status and Perspectives in Phytoremediation

4.5.2 Risk Assessment

4.5.3 Phytotoxicity Symptoms/Tolerance

4.6 A Case Study

4.6.1 Waste Material

4.6.1.1 Mine Waste Composition

4.6.1.2 Soils

4.6.1.3 Plants

4.6.1.4 Rock-Rose (Cistus salvifolius)

4.7 Conclusions

References

Further Reading

Chapter 5 Environmental Risk Assessment of Tailings Ponds Using Geophysical and Geochemical Techniques

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Mining District of Mazarrón: Past Activities and Current Situation

5.3 Geophysical and Geochemical Methodology

5.3.1 Geophysical Methodology

5.3.2 Geochemical Methodology

5.4 Geophysical Analysis of Tailings Ponds Morphology

5.5 Geochemical Characterization of Tailings Ponds

5.6 Environmental Risk Assessment of Tailings Ponds

5.7 Conclusions

References

Chapter 6 Tailings Impoundments of Polish Copper Mining Industry—Environmental Effects, Risk Assessment and Reclamation

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Tailings Impoundments in the Old and New Copper Mining Basins

6.2.1 Lena Impoundments

6.2.2 Iwiny Impoundments

6.2.3 Gilów Impoundment

6.2.4 Żelazny Most Impoundment

6.3 The Impact of Tailings Impoundments on the Environment

6.3.1 Geotechnical Stability of Tailings Impoundments

6.3.1.1 The Lesson Taught by a Dam Failure in Iwiny, 1967

6.3.1.2 Geotechnical Stability of Closed and Operating Impoundments

6.3.2 The Effects of Wind Erosion on Surrounding Soils and Crops

6.3.3 Water Seepage From the Żelazny Most Impoundment and From Technological Pipelines

6.3.3.1 The Impact on the Foreland

6.3.3.2 The Impacts on Surface Waters

6.4 Reclamation of Tailings Impoundments—The Main Legal Aspects

6.5 Biological Reclamation of Impoundments

6.5.1 Legal Requirements and Prerequisites

6.5.2 Revegetation of Tailings Impoundment in the Light of Bibliography

6.5.3 Specific Problems of Polish Copper Tailings Impoundments

6.5.4 Phytostabilization of Closed Impoundments—The Effects and Failures

6.5.4.1 Lena 1 Impoundment

6.5.4.2 Iwiny 1 Impoundment

6.5.4.3 Gilów Impoundment

6.5.5 Promising Results of Recent Experiments on the Iwiny 3 Impoundment

6.5.6 Żelazny Most Impoundment—Ongoing Phytostabilization of Embankments

6.6 Conclusions

References

Legal Regulations

Chapter 7 Assessment and Reclamation of Soils From Uranium Mining Areas: Case Studies From Portugal

7.1 Introduction

7.1.1 History of Uranium and Radium Mining in Portugal

7.1.2 Uranium Minerals in the Portuguese Mines

7.1.3 Uranium and Radium in Soils

7.2 Uranium and Radium in Wastes, Water and Soils From Portuguese Mine Areas

7.3 Processes of Waste and Soil Reclamation: Case Studies From Portugal

7.3.1 Remediation of Mine Wastes and Waters

7.3.2 Remediation of Contaminated Soils

7.4 Soil-Plant Interactions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 8 Reclamation by Containment: Polyethylene-Based Solidification

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Selection of a Suitable Reclamation by Containment Method and Polymer Processing Conditions

8.3 Aggressive Media Impact on Polymeric Materials Sintered in Conjunction With Soil

8.4 Subfreezing Temperature Effects on Polymeric Materials Sintered in Conjunction With Soil

8.5 Changes in the Polymer Mechanical Properties After the Introduction of Modifying Additives

8.6 Conclusions

Acknowledgment

References

Chapter 9 Geochemical Barriers for Soil Protection in Mining Areas

9.1 Introduction

9.1.1 Reasons for Geochemical Barrier Application in Mining Industries

9.1.2 General Notion of Geochemical Barriers

9.2 Materials and Methods

9.2.1 Types of Geochemical Barriers

9.2.2 Classes and Subclasses of Geochemical Barriers

9.2.3 Theoretical Implementation of Geochemical Barriers

9.2.4 Quantitative Characteristics of Barrier Efficiency

9.3 Results and Discussion

9.3.1 Separate Barriers

9.3.2 Complex Barriers

9.4 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 10 Natural Restoration of Mining Influenced Soils in the Northwestern Caucasus, Russia

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Materials and Methods

10.2.1 Undisturbed Areas

10.2.2 Mining Areas

10.3 Results and Discussion

10.3.1 General Geomorphological Characteristics

10.3.2 Particle-Size Distribution in Dumps of the Perevalnoe Mine

10.3.3 Particle-Size Distribution in Dumps of the Sakhalinskoe Mine

10.3.4 Vegetation Cover of Mining Sites

10.3.5 Geochemical Characteristic of Mining Areas

10.3.6 Natural Relief Forms of Mining Areas

10.3.7 Artificial Relief Characteristic of Mining Areas

10.3.8 Biogeochemical Patterns of Plant Communities

10.3.9 Factors Influencing Geochemical Differences of Soils at Two Mining Sites

10.4 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 11 Proposals for the Remediation of Soils Affected by Mining Activities in Southeast Spain

11.1 Introduction

11.1.1 Critical Abandoned Mining Areas

11.1.2 Impact of CAMAs

11.1.3 Conceptual framework of CAMAs

11.2 Study Area

11.3 Supergene Alteration

11.4 Natural Mobility and Potential Mobilization

11.4.1 Natural Mobility

11.4.2 Particulated Phase

11.4.3 Dissolved Phase

11.4.4 Crust and Efflorescences

11.5 Potential Mobilization

11.6 Ecotoxicity

11.6.1 PTE Soil-Plant Transfer

11.6.2 Plant-Animal As Transfer

11.7 Strategies for Recovery of the Zone

11.8 Concluding Remarks

References

Chapter 12 Reclamation of Sites Impacted by Mining Activities: Stabilization/Solidification of 232Th-Contaminated Soils

12.1 Introduction

12.2 TENORM-Contaminated Sites

12.2.1 Long-Lived γ-Ray Emitting Radionuclides

12.2.2 232Thorium as Soil Contaminant

12.2.3 Remedial Alternatives for TENORM- and 232Th-Contaminated Soils

12.3 Stabilization/Solidification Theoretical Background

12.3.1 Cement-Based Stabilization and Solidification Processes

12.3.2 Gamma (γ) Radiation Shielding Phenomena: High-Density Materials and Photon Interaction With Matter

12.4 Testing Procedures and Γ-Radiation Shielding Performances of S/S Final Products

12.4.1 Conventional Testing Protocol: Chemical and Physical Tests

12.4.2 Assessment of γ-Radiation Shielding Performances as γRS Index

12.5 Site-Specific S/S Technologies and Applications

12.5.1 In Situ Technologies

12.5.2 Ex Situ Technologies

12.6 Stabilization/Solidification of 232Th-Contaminated Soils: Applicability, Limits and Costs

12.6.1 Effects of Contamination Level and Binder/Material Mix on S/S Performances

12.6.2 Effects of Contamination and Binder/Material Levels on S/S Product γ-Ray Shielding

12.6.3 Costs

12.7 Potential Directions for Future Research

References

Chapter 13 Ecoefficient In Situ Technologies for the Remediation of Sites Affected by Old Mining Activities: The Case of Po...

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Origin of the Contamination of Portman Bay: Study Zone

13.2.1 Evolution of Recovery Proposals

13.3 Materials Characterization

13.3.1 Characterization of Depth Materials

13.3.2 Characterization of Surface Materials

13.3.3 Processes in the Surface of the Bay

13.4 Risk Assessment for Human Health and Ecosystems

13.4.1 Hazard Identification in Portman Bay

13.4.2 Analysis of the Exposure

13.4.3 Relevant Risks Identified for the Preoperational Situation

13.5 Risk Management and Technological Proposals

13.6 Decision Making in Risk Management

13.7 Concluding Remarks

References

Chapter 14 Organic Mulching to Improve Mining Soil Restoration

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Mulching Techniques

14.3 Organic Materials for Mulching

14.4 Soil Properties Affected by Mulching

14.5 Mulching in Mining Restoration

References

Chapter 15 Heavy Metals Contamination of Mine Soil, Their Risk Assessment, and Bioremediation*

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Heavy Metals Contamination in Mine Soil

15.3 Human Risk Assessment Around Some Abandoned Metal Mine Sites

15.3.1 Materials and Methods

15.3.2 Risk Assessment Process

15.3.2.1 Exposure Assessment

15.3.2.2 Dose-Response Assessment

15.3.2.3 Risk Characterization

15.3.3 Results and Discussion

15.4 Bioremediation

15.4.1 Case History 1: Biosorption of Heavy Metals in Soils (Kim et al., 2008)

15.4.2 Case History 2: Bioleaching of As in Contaminated Soils Using Indigenous Metal-Reducing Bacteria (Lee et al., 201 ...

15.4.3 Case History 3: Microbial In Situ Stabilization of Arsenic by Sulfate Reduction and Sulfide Precipitation (Lee et ...

15.4.3.1 Batch Experiment

15.4.3.2 Column Experiment

15.4.3.3 Field Experiment

15.5 Summary

References

Chapter 16 Hazardous Element Accumulation in Soils and Native Plants in Areas Affected by Mining Activities in South America

16.1 Introduction

16.1.1 Historical Overview

16.1.1.1 Relationship Between Plants and Ore Minerals: From Antiquity Until the 19th Century

16.1.1.2 20th Century: Metallophytes Used in Mineral Exploration

16.1.1.3 Use of Metallophytes in Phytoremediation on Contaminated Soils

16.1.2 Aim of This Chapter

16.2 Mining Areas

16.2.1 Geographic Situation

16.2.2 Site Characterization

16.2.3 Sample Characterization

16.3 Heavy Metals and Metalloids in Soils and Plants Around Andean Mines

16.3.1 San Bartolomé Mine (Ecuador)

16.3.2 Turmalina Mine (Peru)

16.3.3 Carolina Mine (Peru)

16.3.4 El Teniente Mine (Chile)

16.4 Conclusions

References

Further Reading

Chapter 17 Mine Water Discharges in Upper Silesian Coal Basin (Poland)

17.1 Introduction

17.2 Geology of Upper Silesian Coal Basin

17.3 Hydrogeology of USCB

17.4 History and Present-Day Mining in USCB

17.5 Dewatering Schemes Operating in Active and Abandoned Mines

17.6 Mine Water Impact on Soil, Surface Water and Groundwater Bodies

17.6.1 Rock Drainage

17.6.2 Storage of Mine Waste

17.6.3 Mine Water Discharges

17.7 Regulations and Requirements in Polish Environmental Law in Relation to Mine Water Discharges

17.8 Management of Saline Mine Water Discharges

17.9 Conclusions

References

Further Reading

Index

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